Tyrosine Hydroxylase [p Ser31] Antibody

The tetrameric enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), also designated as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (TY3H), is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis and has a theoretical molecular weight of 60 kDa. Encoded by the TH gene, TH catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla. The precursor of catecholamines, L-dopa, is converted to dopamine for use in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) (1) . Dysfunction in the TH gene, and thus the enzymatic activity by TH, dysregulates catecholamine synthesis.

Two transcription factor binding sites in the proximal region of the TH gene, the TPA-responsive element (TRE) and the c-AMP responsive element (CRE), have been implicated in the complex regulation of the TH gene. Dysregulation of breakdown for the amino acid, tyrosine, by TH is a result of a genetic disorder that results in Tyrosinemia (high levels of tyrosine in the blood, tissue and organs).

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency is a disorder that primarily affects movement, where individuals display symptoms that include lack of coordination when walking, postural tremors and unusual body positioning. TH deficient dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD), also known as Segawa syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that is associated with low levels of TH and is diagnosed during childhood with characteristic symptoms including increased muscle tone (dystonia) and signs of Parkinsonism like bradykinesia, tremors, rigidity and postural instability (2). Correspondingly, TH is also linked to Parkinson's disease in older adults, where low dopamine levels are a consistent neurochemical abnormality. Functional polymorphisms of the TH gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and other affective disorders where dopamine is often dysregulated (3).

References

1. Hamanaka, Y., & Mizunami, M. (2019). Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the mushroom body of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Cell Tissue Res, 376(1), 97-111. doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2969-9

2. Li, L., & Zhou, F. M. (2013). Parallel dopamine D1 receptor activity dependence of l-Dopa-induced normal movement and dyskinesia in mice. Neuroscience, 236, 66-76. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.065

3. Borkar, C. D., Bharne, A. P., Nagalakshmi, B., Sakharkar, A. J., Subhedar, N. K., & Kokare, D. M. (2018). Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Peptide (CART) Alleviates MK-801-Induced Schizophrenic Dementia-Like Symptoms. Neuroscience, 375, 94-107. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.056

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

We have publications tested in 3 confirmed species: Human, Mouse, Rat.

We have publications tested in 1 application: WB.

Showing Publications 1 - 8 of 8.

Publications using NB300-211	Applications	Species
Tibenderana RM, Blumenthal MJ, Bukajumbe E et al. Clinical Significance of Elevated KSHV Viral Load in HIV-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma Patients in South Africa Viruses 2024-01-26 [PMID: 38399965]
Chew Y, Chung H, Lin P et al. Outer Membrane Vesicle Production by Helicobacter pylori Represents an Approach for the Delivery of Virulence Factors CagA, VacA and UreA into Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma (AGS) Cells International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021-04-11 [PMID: 33920443] (WB)	WB
Katila N, Bhurtel S, Park PH et al. Activation of AMPK/aPKC zeta/CREB pathway by metformin is associated with upregulation of GDNF and dopamine Biochem. Pharmacol. 2020-01-01 [PMID: 32800853] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Tao H, Huang J, Yancey PG et al. Scavenging of reactive dicarbonyls with 2-hydroxybenzylamine reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr-/-mice Nat Commun 2020-08-16 [PMID: 32796843] (WB, Human)	WB	Human
Liu, J, Takase, I, Hakucho, A et al. Carvedilol Attenuates the Progression of Alcohol Fatty Liver Disease in Rats Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012-01-01 [PMID: 22413959] (WB, Rat)	WB	Rat
Witkovsky P, Gabriel R, Haycock JW et al. Influence of light and neural circuitry on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat retina. J Chem Neuroanat. 2000-06-01 [PMID: 10936746]
Salvatore, MF et al. Stoichiometry of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the nigrostriatal mesolimbic systems in vivo: effects of acute haloperidol related compounds. J Neurochem, 75: 225-232. 2000-01-01 [PMID: 10854265]
Xu, ZQ et al. Immunohistochemical studies on phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase in central catecholamine neurons using site- phosphorylation state-specific antibodies. Neurosci, 82: 727-738. 1998-01-01 [PMID: 9483531]

Array NB300-211

• Tyrosine Hydroxylase Antibodies
• Tyrosine Hydroxylase ELISA Kits
• Tyrosine Hydroxylase Lysate
• Tyrosine Hydroxylase Proteins