White papers

Tissue hypoxia or low oxygenation shapes cellular adaptations in disease. In cancer, hypoxia via HIF proteins, induces molecular signaling pathways often leading to more aggressive tumor phenotypes. This review focuses on the role of HIFs as master regulators of hypoxia adaptations in cancer and highlights recent findings on the differential responses elicited by acute vs chronic hypoxia.

The study of hypoxia and associated cellular adaptations in cancer has traditionally relied on the use of monolayer cultures which fail to duplicate in vivo tumor conditions. In contrast, 3D culture models simulate the natural tumor microenvironment. This review covers the benefits and caveats associated with several sphere culture models currently used to evaluate cellular responses to hypoxia in cancer.

Autophagy is the main pathway for the clearance of large protein aggregates present in Neurodegenerative Diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular targets interconnecting the process of autophagy and neurodegeneration mechanisms.

Tat-Beclin 1 D11 (Tat-D11) and Tat-Beclin 1 L11 (Tat-L11) peptides specifically induce autophagy preventing the activation of other biologically significant pathways and can be used both in vitro and in vivo. This white paper provides evidence of the vastly improved potency of a shorter Tat-Beclin 1 peptide, Tat-D11, to induce autophagy as evidenced by increased autophagosome and autolysosome numbers, relative to Tat-Beclin 1.

HRP polymer conjugates eliminate the major limitations of biotin-based IHC detection systems, reducing background staining and eliminating extra steps. This technology brief focuses on the advantages of using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) polymer conjugated secondary antibodies for immunohistochemistry (IHC).