LC3 Antibody Pack

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a catabolic process which targets intracellular components such as proteins and organelles for degradation. Originally described as a bulk degradation process, current research supports its selective nature (1). Selective autophagy targets specific cellular components for degradation including the endoplasmic reticulum (2) (ER-phagy), mitochondria3 (mitophagy), peroxisomes (3) (pexophagy), ribosomes (4) (ribophagy) and bacteria (5) (xenophagy). Autophagy relies on a newly formed phagophore, a membrane structure which elongates, sequesters cellular content, and fuses to form a double membrane vesicle known as the autophagosome. Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes gives rise to the autophagolysosome, where cellular components are degraded by lysosome hydrolases (1).

Autophagic flux is supported by autophagy-related proteins (Atgs) initially identified in yeast (6,7). The core autophagy machinery is comprised of 17 Atg proteins that play specific roles in autophagosome formation. Among these Atg proteins, Atg8 is not only involved in autophagosome formation but also functions in cargo selection. In mammals, several Atg8 homologues have been identified including microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha, beta and gamma - LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C (8) respectively, as well as GABA type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), GABARAP-Like1, and GABARAP-Like2 (9). LC3 (predicted molecular weight 14kD) is ubiquitously expressed and undergoes posttranslational processing after synthesis. First, the cysteine protease Atg4 cleaves a carboxy terminal sequence to generate the cytosolic form LC3-I. Next, E1-like (Atg7) and E2-like (Atg3) enzymes conjugate phosphatidylethanolamine to the newly exposed carboxyterminal glycine, generating LC3-II. Finally, the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex participates in LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation (10). LC3B-I to LC3B-II conversion correlates with autophagosome number and is considered the best marker to monitor autophagy.

References

1. Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Tooze, S. A. (2018). Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1378838

2. Forrester, A., De Leonibus, C., Grumati, P., Fasana, E., Piemontese, M., Staiano, L., ... Settembre, C. (2019). A selective ER-phagy exerts procollagen quality control via a Calnexin-FAM 134B complex. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201899847

3. He, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Geng, Y., Gong, J., Geng, J., ... Zhong, H. (2019). RNF34 functions in immunity and selective mitophagy by targeting MAVS for autophagic degradation. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2018100978

4. Mathai, B., Meijer, A., & Simonsen, A. (2017). Studying Autophagy in Zebrafish. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells6030021

5. Losier, T. T., Akuma, M., McKee-Muir, O. C., LeBlond, N. D., Suk, Y., Alsaadi, R. M., ... Russell, R. C. (2019). AMPK Promotes Xenophagy through Priming of Autophagic Kinases upon Detection of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Cell Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.062

6. Nakatogawa, H., Suzuki, K., Kamada, Y., & Ohsumi, Y. (2009). Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: Lessons from yeast. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2708

7. Tsukada, M., & Ohsumi, Y. (1993). Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)80398-E

8. Wild, P., McEwan, D. G., & Dikic, I. (2014). The LC3 interactome at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.140426

9. Igloi, G. L. (2001). Cloning, expression patterns, and chromosome localization of three human and two mouse homologues of GABAA receptor-associated protein. Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.2001.6555

10. Glick, D., Barth, S., & Macleod, K. F. (2010). Autophagy: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Antibody Packs are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

We have publications tested in 2 confirmed species: Human, Mouse.

We have publications tested in 2 applications: ICC/IF, WB.

Showing Publications 1 - 4 of 4.

Publications using NB910-40752	Applications	Species
Elizabeth R. M. Zunica, Elizabeth C. Heintz, Wagner S. Dantas, R. Caitlin Hebert, MaKayla Tanksley, Robbie A. Beyl, Edward C. Mader, John P. Kirwan, Christopher L. Axelrod, Prachi Singh Effects of metformin on glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A pilot randomized trial Physiological Reports 2024-02-12 [PMID: 38346816]
Chao A, Lin CY, Chao AN, Tsai CL et al. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) destabilizes p62 and inhibits autophagy in gynecologic malignancies Oncotarget 2017-09-26 [PMID: 29088798] (WB, ICC/IF, Human)	WB, ICC/IF	Human
Kowalewski B, Heimann P, Ortkras T et al. Ataxia is the major neuropathological finding in arylsulfatase G-deficient mice: similarities and dissimilarities to Sanfilippo disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type III). Hum. Mol. Genet. 2014-12-01 [PMID: 25452429] (WB, Mouse) Details: LC3 antibody used for WB on detergent-soluble fractions of the cerebellum from 12- and 24-month-old arylsulfatase G/Arsg KO mice, a model resembling Sanfilippo syndrome animal models (Figure 6)	WB	Mouse
Settembre, C et al. A block of autophagy in lysosomal storage disorders. Hum Mol Genet;17(1):119-29. 2008-01-01 [PMID: 17913701]

Array NB910-40752

• LC3 Antibody
• LC3 Antibody Packs
• LC3 Protein