![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - High autophagosome concentration is consumed during early immortalized human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated under osteogenic conditions (see Materials and methods) and assayed for changes in LC3I and LC3II during a 72-hour window. Cells were differentiated under standard conditions (top) or with addition of 5 uM rapamycin (middle) or 5 nM bafilomycin (bottom) for the first 3 hours of differentiation to modulate autophagy. Immunoblots were performed for LC3 at the indicated time points to assess autophagosome degradation via relative changes in LC3II (lower band; 17 kDa). Studies were repeated three times with similar trends seen consistently. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Western-Blot-NB100-2331-img0041.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - High autophagosome concentration is consumed during early immortalized human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated under osteogenic conditions (see Materials and methods) and assayed for changes in LC3I and LC3II during a 72-hour window. Cells were differentiated under standard conditions (top) or with addition of 5 uM rapamycin (middle) or 5 nM bafilomycin (bottom) for the first 3 hours of differentiation to modulate autophagy. Immunoblots were performed for LC3 at the indicated time points to assess autophagosome degradation via relative changes in LC3II (lower band; 17 kDa). Studies were repeated three times with similar trends seen consistently. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.")
| Reactivity | Hu, Mu, Rt, Am, Ca, Fi, Pl, Ze, BvSpecies Glossary |
| Applications | WB, Simple Western, ChIP, ELISA, Flow, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, NULL, WB, ChIP, IHC |
| Clonality | Polyclonal |
| Host | Rabbit |
| Conjugate | Unconjugated |
| Format | BSA Free |
| Concentration | 1.0 mg/ml |
| Immunogen | This LC3A Antibody was prepared from a synthetic peptide made to an internal portion of the human LC3 protein sequence (between residues 25-121). [Uniprot: Q9H492]. |
| Localization | LC3-I is cytoplasmic. LC3-II binds to the autophagic membranes. |
| Marker | Autophagosome Marker |
| Specificity | This LC3A Antibody detects both LC3A and LC3B. |
| Predicted Species | Bovine (100%). Backed by our 100% Guarantee. |
| Isotype | IgG |
| Clonality | Polyclonal |
| Host | Rabbit |
| Gene | MAP1LC3A |
| Purity | Immunogen affinity purified |
| Innovator's Reward | Test in a species/application not listed above to receive a full credit towards a future purchase. |
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| Application Notes | Western blot bands are seen at ~19 kDa, representing LC3-I, and ~17 kDa, representing LC3-II. The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. Use in Southern blot reported in scientific literature (PMID: 21262964). In ICC, cytoplasmic staining was observed in HeLa cells. In Simple Western only 10 - 15 uL of the recommended dilution is used per data point. |
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| Storage | Aliquot and store at -20C or -80C. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles. |
| Buffer | PBS |
| Preservative | 0.02% Sodium Azide |
| Concentration | 1.0 mg/ml |
| Purity | Immunogen affinity purified |
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ICC | Human | 05/21/2021 |
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WB | Rat | 05/21/2021 |
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WB | Human | 06/09/2020 |
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WB | Mouse | 01/29/2019 |
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WB | Human and Mouse | 11/25/2017 |
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WB | Mouse | 08/07/2017 |
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jennifer guadagno |
WB | Mouse | 10/06/2015 |
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WB | Human | 01/12/2015 |
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WB | Mouse | 12/12/2014 |
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IF | Mouse | 11/25/2014 |
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reviewed by:
Merissa Olmer |
IHC-P | 10/04/2014 |
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reviewed by:
Ilya Ulasov |
WB | Human | 06/30/2014 |
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WB | Human | 06/20/2014 |
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reviewed by:
Kumsal Tekirdag |
WB | Human | 04/02/2014 |
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reviewed by:
Nirmala Parajuli |
IHC | Mouse | 08/13/2012 |
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WB | Human | 12/28/2011 |
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WB | Human | 11/21/2011 |
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WB | Human | 11/21/2011 |
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WB | Mouse | 10/24/2011 |
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reviewed by:
Seung-Hyun Ro |
WB | Mouse | 07/08/2010 |
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WB | Other | 11/05/2009 |
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WB | Human | 02/18/2009 |
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Secondary Antibodies |
Isotype Controls |
Research Areas for LC3A Antibody (NB100-2331)Find related products by research area.
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Read full blog post. |
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Losing memory: Toxicity from mutant APP and amyloid beta explain the hippocampal neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. The telltale signs of AD brains are extracellular deposits of amy... Read full blog post. |
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Nuclear LC3: Why is it there and what is it doing? By Christina Towers, PhD. Cells use the complex process of autophagy to degrade and recycle cytoplasmic material. There are over 20 proteins that have been implicated in this process and appropriately named core ... Read full blog post. |
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Why LC3B Antibodies Make Ideal Autophagosomes Membrane Markers The human form of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is expressed as 3 splice variants LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C.1 LC3B is a subunit of the MAP1A and MAP1B microtubule-binding proteins and plays a central role in autophagosome membrane stru... Read full blog post. |
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| Application: | ICC | |
| Species: | Human |
| Verified Customer 05/21/2021 |
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| Application: | WB | |
| Species: | Rat |
| Verified Customer 06/09/2020 |
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| Application: | WB | |
| Species: | Human |
| Gene Symbol | MAP1LC3A |
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in PFA fixed NIH/3T3 cells using anti-LC3A antibody. Image from verified customer review.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NB100-2331-img0046.jpg "Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in PFA fixed NIH/3T3 cells using anti-LC3A antibody. Image from verified customer review.")
![Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Staining in mouse meniscus and cartilage. Image from verified customer review.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Immunohistochemistry-NB100-2331-img0045.jpg "Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Staining in mouse meniscus and cartilage. Image from verified customer review.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Autophagy mobilized during differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (ihMSCs). Cultured ihMSCs were stimulated to undergo osteogenesis to form osteoblasts for 30 days at 21% and 4% oxygen. LC3I and LC3II levels were assessed via immunoblot every 10 days and normalized to beta-actin to derive average LC3II band densities. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25523618/) licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A Antibody - BSA Free-Western Blot-NB100-2331-img0047.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Autophagy mobilized during differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (ihMSCs). Cultured ihMSCs were stimulated to undergo osteogenesis to form osteoblasts for 30 days at 21% and 4% oxygen. LC3I and LC3II levels were assessed via immunoblot every 10 days and normalized to beta-actin to derive average LC3II band densities. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25523618/) licensed under a CC-BY license.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Autophagy mobilized during differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (ihMSCs). Cultured ihMSCs were stimulated to undergo osteogenesis to form osteoblasts for 30 days at 21% and 4% oxygen. LC3I and LC3II levels were assessed via immunoblot every 10 days and normalized to beta-actin to derive average LC3II band densities. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Western-Blot-NB100-2331-img0036.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Autophagy mobilized during differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (ihMSCs). Cultured ihMSCs were stimulated to undergo osteogenesis to form osteoblasts for 30 days at 21% and 4% oxygen. LC3I and LC3II levels were assessed via immunoblot every 10 days and normalized to beta-actin to derive average LC3II band densities. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows Analysis in human cell lysates.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Western-Blot-NB100-2331-img0037.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows Analysis in human cell lysates.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows analysis of heart tissue lysates from mice which were subjected or not to 48 hours of starvation. The signal was developed using ECL method and this LC3 antibody was found to detect both forms of LC3, i.e. LC3A and LC3B. As expected, the levels of LC3B form were higher in the heart tissue lysates from starved mice.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Western-Blot-NB100-2331-img0039.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows analysis of heart tissue lysates from mice which were subjected or not to 48 hours of starvation. The signal was developed using ECL method and this LC3 antibody was found to detect both forms of LC3, i.e. LC3A and LC3B. As expected, the levels of LC3B form were higher in the heart tissue lysates from starved mice.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Detection of HRP conjugated autophagic LC3 in mouse ES cell lysate. The atg5-/- lane (ES cells, cultured to form embryonic bodies, that are deficient in conversion of LC3-1 to LC3-11) demonstrates the specificity of NB 100-2331, as there is no detection of LC3-11. Photo courtesy of Dr. Beth Levine, UT Southwestern Medical Center.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Western-Blot-NB100-2331-img0040.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Detection of HRP conjugated autophagic LC3 in mouse ES cell lysate. The atg5-/- lane (ES cells, cultured to form embryonic bodies, that are deficient in conversion of LC3-1 to LC3-11) demonstrates the specificity of NB 100-2331, as there is no detection of LC3-11. Photo courtesy of Dr. Beth Levine, UT Southwestern Medical Center.")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows an analysis in HeLa cells using anti-LC3 antibody (red). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NB100-2331-img0038.jpg "Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - This LC3A antibody Image shows an analysis in HeLa cells using anti-LC3 antibody (red). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).")
![Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Left panel shows untreated HeLa cells. Right panel shows HeLa cells that were treated with 50 uM CQ overnight. Cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 10% formalin and then permeabilized for 5 minutes using 1X PBS + 0.05% Triton X-100. The cells were incubated with anti-LC3A antibody at 5 ug/mL overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse DyLight 488 (Green) at a 1:500. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 40X objective.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Immunocytochemistry-Immunofluorescence-NB100-2331-img0042.jpg "Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Left panel shows untreated HeLa cells. Right panel shows HeLa cells that were treated with 50 uM CQ overnight. Cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 10% formalin and then permeabilized for 5 minutes using 1X PBS + 0.05% Triton X-100. The cells were incubated with anti-LC3A antibody at 5 ug/mL overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse DyLight 488 (Green) at a 1:500. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 40X objective.")
![Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Rapamycin increases autophagy in brains of PDAPP mice. Representative epifluorescent (c200x) image of hippocampal CA1 in control- and rapamycin-fed transgenic PDAPP mice stained with an anti-LC3 antibody. An increase in LC3-immunoreactive puncta was observed in CA1 projections of transgenic PDAPP mice following rapamycin administration. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009979) licensed under a CC-BY license.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Immunohistochemistry-NB100-2331-img0043.jpg "Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Rapamycin increases autophagy in brains of PDAPP mice. Representative epifluorescent (c200x) image of hippocampal CA1 in control- and rapamycin-fed transgenic PDAPP mice stained with an anti-LC3 antibody. An increase in LC3-immunoreactive puncta was observed in CA1 projections of transgenic PDAPP mice following rapamycin administration. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009979) licensed under a CC-BY license.")
![Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in mouse renal tissue. Image from verifed customer review.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Immunohistochemistry-NB100-2331-img0044.jpg "Immunohistochemistry: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in mouse renal tissue. Image from verifed customer review.")
![Simple Western: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Image shows a specific band for LC3 in 0.5 mg/mL of Neuro2A lysate. This experiment was performed under reducing conditions using the 12-230 kDa separation system.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/LC3A-Antibody---BSA-Free-Simple-Western-NB100-2331-img0025.jpg "Simple Western: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Image shows a specific band for LC3 in 0.5 mg/mL of Neuro2A lysate. This experiment was performed under reducing conditions using the 12-230 kDa separation system.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Chronic, third window RIC increases the expression of autophagosome proteins, LC3I/II & Atg5.(A) Western blots for autophagy related signaling proteins. (B) Quantification of the protein fold change in 3W RIC compared to 3W controls. Values are means ± S.E.M. n = 6–8 per group. An (*) denotes a statistically significant difference (P10 larvae/sample). Lc3 c & e, or p62 & Optineurin d protein levels were detected in absence or presence of BafA1, c & d, or in the presence or absence of Mm e. Actin was used as a loading control. Western Blots were repeated three, c & d, or two e times with protein extracts derived from independent experiments. The Lc3II/Actin or p62/Actin & Optineurin/Actin ratio, normalized to the control sample, is indicated below the blots. f–g Representative confocal micrographs & quantification of GFP-Lc3 co-localization with Mm clusters in infected dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The top images f show the entire region of imaging, while the bottom images f′ & f″ show details of GFP-Lc3 colocalization of Mm clusters in dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The arrowheads indicate GFP-Lc3-positive Mm clusters. The data is accumulated from two independent experiments (≥15 larvae/group) & represented by scatter & boxplots as detailed in the “Methods” section. Scale bars, 10 μm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32332700), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-31020241612632.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Chronic, third window RIC increases the expression of autophagosome proteins, LC3I/II & Atg5.(A) Western blots for autophagy related signaling proteins. (B) Quantification of the protein fold change in 3W RIC compared to 3W controls. Values are means ± S.E.M. n = 6–8 per group. An (*) denotes a statistically significant difference (P10 larvae/sample). Lc3 c & e, or p62 & Optineurin d protein levels were detected in absence or presence of BafA1, c & d, or in the presence or absence of Mm e. Actin was used as a loading control. Western Blots were repeated three, c & d, or two e times with protein extracts derived from independent experiments. The Lc3II/Actin or p62/Actin & Optineurin/Actin ratio, normalized to the control sample, is indicated below the blots. f–g Representative confocal micrographs & quantification of GFP-Lc3 co-localization with Mm clusters in infected dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The top images f show the entire region of imaging, while the bottom images f′ & f″ show details of GFP-Lc3 colocalization of Mm clusters in dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The arrowheads indicate GFP-Lc3-positive Mm clusters. The data is accumulated from two independent experiments (≥15 larvae/group) & represented by scatter & boxplots as detailed in the “Methods” section. Scale bars, 10 μm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32332700), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Optn or p62 deficiency affects autophagosome formation.(A) Workflow of the experiments shown in (B-G). Larvae were treated with 100 nM of Baf A1 for 12 h from 3.5 dpf. The GPF-Lc3 negative larvae were selected to assay autophagy activity by Western blot, the GFP-Lc3 positive larvae were collected to monitor autophagic activity using confocal imaging. The red square indicates the region for confocal imaging. (B) Level of basal autophagy in WT & mutant embryos in absence or presence of Baf A1. Protein samples were extracted from 4 dpf WT & mutant larvae (>10 embryos/sample). The blots were probed with antibodies against Lc3 & Actin as a loading control. Western blots were repeated at least three times with independent extracts. (C) Quantification of Lc3-II fold changes in WT & mutant embryos in absence or presence of Baf A1. Western blot band intensities were quantified by Lab Image. Data is combined from three independent experiments. (D) Representative confocal micrographs of GFP-Lc3 puncta present in the tail fin of optn+/+, optn delta 5n/ delta 5n, p62+/+ & p62 delta 37n/ delta 37n at 4 dpf. Scale bars, 10 μm. (E). Quantification of the number of GFP-Lc3 puncta in optn+/+, optn delta 5n/ delta 5n, p62+/+ & p62 delta 37n/ delta 37n larvae with & without Baf A1 treatment. Each larva was imaged at a pre-defined region of the tail fin (as indicated by the red boxed area in Fig3 A) (≥11 larvae/group). Results are accumulated from two independent experiments. ns, non-significant, *p10 larvae/sample). The blots were probed with antibodies against Lc3 & Actin as a loading control & Lc3-II/Lc3-I ratios are indicated below. Western blots were repeated twice with independent extracts. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30818338), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-310202415541914.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Optn or p62 deficiency affects autophagosome formation.(A) Workflow of the experiments shown in (B-G). Larvae were treated with 100 nM of Baf A1 for 12 h from 3.5 dpf. The GPF-Lc3 negative larvae were selected to assay autophagy activity by Western blot, the GFP-Lc3 positive larvae were collected to monitor autophagic activity using confocal imaging. The red square indicates the region for confocal imaging. (B) Level of basal autophagy in WT & mutant embryos in absence or presence of Baf A1. Protein samples were extracted from 4 dpf WT & mutant larvae (>10 embryos/sample). The blots were probed with antibodies against Lc3 & Actin as a loading control. Western blots were repeated at least three times with independent extracts. (C) Quantification of Lc3-II fold changes in WT & mutant embryos in absence or presence of Baf A1. Western blot band intensities were quantified by Lab Image. Data is combined from three independent experiments. (D) Representative confocal micrographs of GFP-Lc3 puncta present in the tail fin of optn+/+, optn delta 5n/ delta 5n, p62+/+ & p62 delta 37n/ delta 37n at 4 dpf. Scale bars, 10 μm. (E). Quantification of the number of GFP-Lc3 puncta in optn+/+, optn delta 5n/ delta 5n, p62+/+ & p62 delta 37n/ delta 37n larvae with & without Baf A1 treatment. Each larva was imaged at a pre-defined region of the tail fin (as indicated by the red boxed area in Fig3 A) (≥11 larvae/group). Results are accumulated from two independent experiments. ns, non-significant, *p10 larvae/sample). The blots were probed with antibodies against Lc3 & Actin as a loading control & Lc3-II/Lc3-I ratios are indicated below. Western blots were repeated twice with independent extracts. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30818338), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - UBC9 is degraded by autophagy in epithelial cells.(A) Immunolocalization of UBC9 in ultrathin sections of HKs transduced with empty or HPV16 E6/E7 vectors. Original view (left) & higher magnification (right) of boxed regions. Gold particles are selectively enriched in autophagic structures highlighted by arrows. Scale bar = 1 μm. (B) Top: Representative WB of HaCaT cells treated with the indicated autophagic activators (left) & inhibitors (right). Activation of autophagy was monitored by the conversion of LC3 (LC3-I) to the lipidated LC3 (LC3-II) form, a marker of autophagosome production induced by autophagic stimuli [41]. LC3-II accumulation was used to verify autophagic impairment [41]. Bottom: normalized UBC9 expression. Data are expressed as fold over untreated cells. Bars represent means ± SEM of n = 4 different biological replicates. ns: not significant (Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post hoc test) compared to vehicle control groups. (C) Representative WB analysis of U-2 OS or MCF7 cells treated with chloroquine. n = 3 different biological replicates. (D) Representative WB analysis of MCF7 cells transduced with scramble or ATG5 shRNA. The observed ATG5 band represents the ATG5-ATG12 conjugated form. LC3-I accumulation is reported to evidence autophagic deficiencies promoted by shATG5. n = 3 replicates of a single transduction. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-310202415525247.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - UBC9 is degraded by autophagy in epithelial cells.(A) Immunolocalization of UBC9 in ultrathin sections of HKs transduced with empty or HPV16 E6/E7 vectors. Original view (left) & higher magnification (right) of boxed regions. Gold particles are selectively enriched in autophagic structures highlighted by arrows. Scale bar = 1 μm. (B) Top: Representative WB of HaCaT cells treated with the indicated autophagic activators (left) & inhibitors (right). Activation of autophagy was monitored by the conversion of LC3 (LC3-I) to the lipidated LC3 (LC3-II) form, a marker of autophagosome production induced by autophagic stimuli [41]. LC3-II accumulation was used to verify autophagic impairment [41]. Bottom: normalized UBC9 expression. Data are expressed as fold over untreated cells. Bars represent means ± SEM of n = 4 different biological replicates. ns: not significant (Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s post hoc test) compared to vehicle control groups. (C) Representative WB analysis of U-2 OS or MCF7 cells treated with chloroquine. n = 3 different biological replicates. (D) Representative WB analysis of MCF7 cells transduced with scramble or ATG5 shRNA. The observed ATG5 band represents the ATG5-ATG12 conjugated form. LC3-I accumulation is reported to evidence autophagic deficiencies promoted by shATG5. n = 3 replicates of a single transduction. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Dram1 is required for GFP-Lc3 targeting to Mm clusters.a, b Representative confocal micrographs & quantification of GFP-Lc3 puncta in dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae in an unstimulated situation (basal autophagy, a) & following BafA1 treatment b. Each larva was imaged at a pre-defined region of the tail fin (≥11 larvae/group). Results are accumulated from two independent experiments & represented by scatter & boxplots as detailed in the “Methods” section. ns non-significant, *p 10 larvae/sample). Lc3 c & e, or p62 & Optineurin d protein levels were detected in absence or presence of BafA1, c & d, or in the presence or absence of Mm e. Actin was used as a loading control. Western Blots were repeated three, c & d, or two e times with protein extracts derived from independent experiments. The Lc3II/Actin or p62/Actin & Optineurin/Actin ratio, normalized to the control sample, is indicated below the blots. f–g Representative confocal micrographs & quantification of GFP-Lc3 co-localization with Mm clusters in infected dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The top images f show the entire region of imaging, while the bottom images f′ & f″ show details of GFP-Lc3 colocalization of Mm clusters in dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The arrowheads indicate GFP-Lc3-positive Mm clusters. The data is accumulated from two independent experiments (≥15 larvae/group) & represented by scatter & boxplots as detailed in the “Methods” section. Scale bars, 10 μm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32332700), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-310202415541920.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Dram1 is required for GFP-Lc3 targeting to Mm clusters.a, b Representative confocal micrographs & quantification of GFP-Lc3 puncta in dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae in an unstimulated situation (basal autophagy, a) & following BafA1 treatment b. Each larva was imaged at a pre-defined region of the tail fin (≥11 larvae/group). Results are accumulated from two independent experiments & represented by scatter & boxplots as detailed in the “Methods” section. ns non-significant, *p 10 larvae/sample). Lc3 c & e, or p62 & Optineurin d protein levels were detected in absence or presence of BafA1, c & d, or in the presence or absence of Mm e. Actin was used as a loading control. Western Blots were repeated three, c & d, or two e times with protein extracts derived from independent experiments. The Lc3II/Actin or p62/Actin & Optineurin/Actin ratio, normalized to the control sample, is indicated below the blots. f–g Representative confocal micrographs & quantification of GFP-Lc3 co-localization with Mm clusters in infected dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The top images f show the entire region of imaging, while the bottom images f′ & f″ show details of GFP-Lc3 colocalization of Mm clusters in dram1∆19n/∆19n & dram1+/+ larvae. The arrowheads indicate GFP-Lc3-positive Mm clusters. The data is accumulated from two independent experiments (≥15 larvae/group) & represented by scatter & boxplots as detailed in the “Methods” section. Scale bars, 10 μm. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32332700), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Knockdown of FUT1 is associated with an increase in autophagic flux. (a) Immunoblot analysis of LC3-II & p62 levels in control & FUT1 knockdown cells. Total cell lysates from MCF-7 & T47D cells transfected with control or FUT1 siRNAs were collected at 120 & 96 h post-transfection, respectively. Equal amounts of cell lysates were then loaded in each lane & separated by SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot analysis was performed with LC3 & p62 antibodies. Actin was used as a loading control. The intensity of LC3-II & p62 protein bands on immunoblot were quantified & normalized to actin, & the relative levels of protein expression were expressed as fold change by setting the control group value to 1. Values shown are mean±S.E.M. of three independent experiments (***P100 cells per group (*P<0.05) Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27560716), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-31020241553512.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Knockdown of FUT1 is associated with an increase in autophagic flux. (a) Immunoblot analysis of LC3-II & p62 levels in control & FUT1 knockdown cells. Total cell lysates from MCF-7 & T47D cells transfected with control or FUT1 siRNAs were collected at 120 & 96 h post-transfection, respectively. Equal amounts of cell lysates were then loaded in each lane & separated by SDS-PAGE. Immunoblot analysis was performed with LC3 & p62 antibodies. Actin was used as a loading control. The intensity of LC3-II & p62 protein bands on immunoblot were quantified & normalized to actin, & the relative levels of protein expression were expressed as fold change by setting the control group value to 1. Values shown are mean±S.E.M. of three independent experiments (***P100 cells per group (*P<0.05) Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27560716), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Effect of MIR376A overexpression on autophagy.(A) MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with either MIR-CNT (control plasmid) or MIR376A & GFP-LC3 plasmid, & GFP-LC3 dot formation was analyzed. White arrows indicate clusters of the GFP-LC3 dots in cells. (B) Quantification of the experiments in A. MIR376A overexpression, but not MIR-CNT expression, blocked starvation (STV)-induced autophagy (mean ± S.D. of independent experiments, n = 4, ***p<0,01). NON STV, non-starved (C) Overexpression of MIR376A resulted in a decrease in the autophagic activity of MCF-7 cells. Starvation-induced conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II in MCF-7 cells was analyzed. Tests were performed in the presence or absence of E64d (10 µg/ml) & Pepstatin A (10 µg/ml) (E+P). LC3-II/LC3-I densitometric ratios were marked. ACTB was used as a loading control. (D) MIR376A blocked starvation induced SQSTM1 degradation in MCF-7 cells. ACTB was used as a loading control. SQSTM1/ACTIN densitometric ratios were marked. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24358205), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-310202415535132.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Effect of MIR376A overexpression on autophagy.(A) MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with either MIR-CNT (control plasmid) or MIR376A & GFP-LC3 plasmid, & GFP-LC3 dot formation was analyzed. White arrows indicate clusters of the GFP-LC3 dots in cells. (B) Quantification of the experiments in A. MIR376A overexpression, but not MIR-CNT expression, blocked starvation (STV)-induced autophagy (mean ± S.D. of independent experiments, n = 4, ***p<0,01). NON STV, non-starved (C) Overexpression of MIR376A resulted in a decrease in the autophagic activity of MCF-7 cells. Starvation-induced conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II in MCF-7 cells was analyzed. Tests were performed in the presence or absence of E64d (10 µg/ml) & Pepstatin A (10 µg/ml) (E+P). LC3-II/LC3-I densitometric ratios were marked. ACTB was used as a loading control. (D) MIR376A blocked starvation induced SQSTM1 degradation in MCF-7 cells. ACTB was used as a loading control. SQSTM1/ACTIN densitometric ratios were marked. Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24358205), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Tau clearance in vivo & autophagy function. Clearance kinetics of photoconverted Dendra-tau measured in neurons of WT-tau & AT152T-tau fish. Measurement of intensity of red Dendra-tau signal over time reflects the clearance or degradation of tau protein. (C–F) WBs for LC3-II, a well-characterized marker of autophagosome number, demonstrate that there no differences in levels of this protein between WT-tau & A152T-tau fish either at 24 hpf (pre-phenotype; C & D) or 72 hpf (post-phenotype; E & F). (E & F) Measurements of LC3-II levels in presence or absence of ammonium chloride provides a method for measuring autophagic flux. No differences observed between the two transgenic lines at 3 dpf, suggesting that autophagy functions normally in both WT-tau & A152T-tau fish (graph represents mean ± SD of four independent clutches per group for E & F & 3for C & D; two-tailed t-test). Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//academic.oup.com/brain/article/140/4/1128/2980948), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/nb100-2331_rabbit-polyclonal-lc3a-antibody-31020241682110.jpg "Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - Tau clearance in vivo & autophagy function. Clearance kinetics of photoconverted Dendra-tau measured in neurons of WT-tau & AT152T-tau fish. Measurement of intensity of red Dendra-tau signal over time reflects the clearance or degradation of tau protein. (C–F) WBs for LC3-II, a well-characterized marker of autophagosome number, demonstrate that there no differences in levels of this protein between WT-tau & A152T-tau fish either at 24 hpf (pre-phenotype; C & D) or 72 hpf (post-phenotype; E & F). (E & F) Measurements of LC3-II levels in presence or absence of ammonium chloride provides a method for measuring autophagic flux. No differences observed between the two transgenic lines at 3 dpf, suggesting that autophagy functions normally in both WT-tau & A152T-tau fish (graph represents mean ± SD of four independent clutches per group for E & F & 3for C & D; two-tailed t-test). Image collected & cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//academic.oup.com/brain/article/140/4/1128/2980948), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by Novus Biologicals.")
![Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody](https://images.novusbio.com/images/TOR-mTOR-[p-Ser2448]-Antibody-Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin-NB600-607-img0005.jpg)
![Western Blot TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody](https://images.novusbio.com/images/TOR-mTOR-[p-Ser2448]-Antibody-Western-Blot-NB600-607-img0006.jpg)
![Data TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody](https://images.novusbio.com/images/TOR-mTOR-[p-Ser2448]-Antibody-N-A-NB600-607-img0008.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry Caspase-3 Antibody [Unconjugated] - Active](https://images.novusbio.com/images2/Caspase-3_AF835_Immunocytochemistry_6532.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry Caspase-3 Antibody [Unconjugated] - Active](https://images.novusbio.com/images2/Caspase3_AF835_Immunohistochemistry_22976.jpg)
![Immunocytochemistry Caspase-3 Antibody [Unconjugated] - Active](https://images.novusbio.com/images2/Caspase-3_AF835_Immunocytochemistry_9340.jpg)
![Western Blot ERK2 Antibody [Unconjugated]](https://images.novusbio.com/images2/ERK2_AF1230_Western_Blot_5097.jpg)
![Immunohistochemistry ERK2 Antibody [Unconjugated]](https://images.novusbio.com/images2/ERK2_AF1230_Immunohistochemistry_20696.jpg)
![Knockout Validated ERK2 Antibody [Unconjugated]](https://images.novusbio.com/images2/ERK2_AF1230_Knockout_Validated_22864.jpg)
![Western Blot: Human Brain Whole Tissue Lysate (Adult Normal) [NB820-59177] - Beta Actin expression on human brain whole tissue lysate using anti-Beta Actin antibody (Cat. # NBP1-47423). Image from verified customer review.](https://images.novusbio.com/images/Human-Brain-Whole-Tissue-Lysate-Adult-Normal-Western-Blot-NB820-59177-img0001.jpg "Western Blot: Human Brain Whole Tissue Lysate (Adult Normal) [NB820-59177] - Beta Actin expression on human brain whole tissue lysate using anti-Beta Actin antibody (Cat. # NBP1-47423). Image from verified customer review.")
![Western Blot: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody [HRP] [NB7160] - Western blot showing vemurafenib treatment in BRAFV600E CRC cells inhibits fission mediator DRP1 with no significant effect on fusion proteins (Mfn1 & 2) using MFN-1 antibody (NBP1-51841) and corresponding secondary antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (NB7160). Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738242).](https://images.novusbio.com/images/Goat-anti-Rabbit-IgG-H+L-Secondary-Antibody-HRP-Western-Blot-NB7160-img0001.jpg "Western Blot: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody [HRP] [NB7160] - Western blot showing vemurafenib treatment in BRAFV600E CRC cells inhibits fission mediator DRP1 with no significant effect on fusion proteins (Mfn1 & 2) using MFN-1 antibody (NBP1-51841) and corresponding secondary antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (NB7160). Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738242).")
![Flow Cytometry: Rabbit IgG Isotype Control [NBP2-24891] - Intracellular FACS analysis of mouse TLR6 polyclonal antibody (red), rabbit isotype control (green), RAW cells alone (shaded). Two micrograms of antibodies were used. Goat anti-rabbit FITC (Novus, 20302) was used as secondary.](https://images.novusbio.com/images/Rabbit--Mouse-IgG-Isotype-Control-Flow-Cytometry-NBP2-24891-img0001.jpg "Flow Cytometry: Rabbit IgG Isotype Control [NBP2-24891] - Intracellular FACS analysis of mouse TLR6 polyclonal antibody (red), rabbit isotype control (green), RAW cells alone (shaded). Two micrograms of antibodies were used. Goat anti-rabbit FITC (Novus, 20302) was used as secondary.")
