Antibody News

An important aspect of mitochondria maintenance includes biogenesis to replenish damaged and degraded mitochondrial structures. The regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is very complex and numerous genes regulate and synchronize protein synthesis from the mitochondrial and nuclear genome. The factors governing these processes include nuclear respiratory factors (NRF1 and NRF2) as well as the nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) and estrogen related receptors (ERRs). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator alpha (PGC-1 alpha) binds to NRF1 and NRF2, as well as the nuclear receptors PPAR and ERR, to induce expression of their target genes.

O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a sugar attachment to serine or threonine hydroxyl moieties on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc modified proteins are generally either cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins, and unlike asparagine-linked or mucin-type O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAc is not further processed into a complex oligosaccharide. In many ways, O-GlcNAc is similar to protein phosphorylation; for example the sugar can be attached or removed dynamically in response to changes in the cellular environment triggered by stress, hormones, or nutrients (1).

Recently,...

CDR2 is a tumor antigen expressed in a high percentage of breast and ovarian tumors and is the target of a naturally occurring tumor immune response in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. CDR2 has also been shown to be a cell cycle regulated protein in tumor cells with protein levels peaking in mitosis (1). Loss of CDR2 in cells has been linked to aberrant mitotic spindle formation and impaired proliferation. Conversely, CDR2 overexpression is also responsible for cell proliferation in tumors.

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Mitofilin was originally described as a heart muscle protein due to its high expression in the heart. Recently, analysis of the human heart mitochondrial proteome demonstrated that Mitofilin is one of the most abundant mitochondrial proteins (1). Researchers have reported finding two alternately spliced Mitofilin variants producing proteins of 88 and 90 kDa, that were detected in immunoblots with Mitofilin antibodies (2).

Mitofilin is part of a large inner membrane complex, and has five partner proteins as constituents of the mitochondrial inner membrane...

The p14ARF (Alternative Reading Frame) tumor suppressor is a protein product of the alternative reading frame (ARF) of the human INK4a locus which regulates a series of cell cycle regulatory proteins to promote cell cycle arrest in response to abnormal hyper-proliferative growth stimuli. p14ARF alterations are common in human cancers and, when inherited, confer susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma (1).

It is widely proposed that the p14ARF melanoma tumor suppressor protein functions to protect melanocytes from oncogenic transformation and is mainly a...

A major histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of amyloid deposits in the parenchyma of the amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortex. The principal component of amyloid is beta amyloid (AB). The pathologic accumulation of AB in plaques is postulated to result from an imbalance between production and clearance during aging. Transgenic mouse models overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) bearing certain familial AD mutations have validated overproduction of AB as driving AD-type amyloid pathology (1).

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Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, also known as PECAM1 or cluster differentiation 31 (CD31), is an 82 kDa adhesion molecule that is expressed on platelets and leukocytes. Six isoforms are produced by alternative splicing and this protein undergoes post translation modification. PECAM -1 is found on chromosome 17. This protein is concentrated at the borders between endothelial cells.

Immunohistochemistry-Frozen: CD31/PECAM1 Antibody

PECAM1 is a protein with many functions and has been linked to various pathological and physiological events. These physiological events include regulation of T-cell immunity and tolerance, Nitric Oxide production,...

Over the years muscular dystrophies have become a popular area of research. These are a group of inherited disorders that involve an increase in muscle weakness over time. These disorders greatly decrease the quality of life and there are no known cures. Research in this area appears to have excelled in the past two years with findings related to the genes NCoR and EZH2.

The principle behind muscular dystrophies is the degeneration of muscle. During the development of muscle in infancy, muscle satellite cells are continuously proliferating. After infancy, the satellite cells will only proliferate by activation due to an injury. In these disorders, muscle satellite cells do not proliferate in response to muscle loss.  The activity of these cells appears to be controlled by the gene Ezh2. Researchers at the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases have found that causing Ezh2 to become inactive...

Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFkB) binds to the kappa-beta site of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene enhancer. Thus NFkB has become one of the widely studied transcription factors in innate and adaptive immune responses. The NFkB family is composed of five related transcription factors p50, p52, p65, c-Rel and Rel B (1). Thus in a number of situations NFkB mediates the critical changes that are characteristic of innate and adaptive immune responses. In most cells, NFkB complexes are inactive, residing in the cytoplasm in complex with the inhibitor of kappa-beta (IkB) proteins. Upon activation of the pathway the IkB proteins are degraded and the...

Actins are an essential component of the cytoskeleton, with critical roles in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell migration, division, and regulation of gene expression. These functions are attributed to the ability of actin to form filaments that can rapidly assemble and disassemble according to the needs of the cell. There exist six different but highly conserved actin isoforms in vertebrates (1). Despite longstanding ambiguity regarding the significance of the cytoplasmic actin isoforms, it has long been believed that beta actin confers unique biological functions. Recent genetic models provided considerable support to this idea, as beta actin deficient mice have distinct phenotype uncharacterized defects (2).

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Amyloid beta (AB) peptide has a central role in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immunization of AD transgenic mice with AB_-42 peptide reduces both the spatial memory impairments and AD-like neuropathologic changes.

Therapeutic immunization with AB in patients with AD was shown to be effective in reducing AB deposition (1). The AB deposition and aggregation is an early event in AD neuropathology, suggesting the hypothesis that AB gene vaccination would be a promising solution to reverse and prevent progressive...

The jumonji (JMJ) gene, obtained by a gene trap strategy, is essential for embryogenesis and is suggested to play important roles in cell growth during development. The amino acid sequence of the JMJ protein includes a nuclear localization signal and a DNA binding motif called the AT-rich interactive domain (ARID). Unlike the other members of the JARID family of proteins, JARID2 has a long N-terminal moiety devoid of characterized domains. Many JMJC domain-containing proteins have been shown to catalyze lysine demethylation, but the residues required for iron and ascorbate binding, essential for demethylation activity, are not conserved in the JMJC domain of Jarid2 (1).

JARID 2 has been shown to co localize with...