TLR3 Antibody

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to the innate immune response, recognizing distinct pathogen-associate molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) (1,2). The TLR family member TLR3 specifically recognizes and binds double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses and the synthetic analog polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (1-5). TLR3 is typically expressed in the endosomes of innate immune cells including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-5). TLR3 is also localized on the cell surface of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells (1-5). The human TLR3 protein is 904 amino acids (aa) in length with a theoretical molecular weight (MW) of 104 kDa (6). It consists of a 23 aa signal sequence, a horseshoe-shaped 681 aa extracellular domain (ECD) containing 23 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a 21 aa helical transmembrane domain, and a 179 aa cytoplasmic region containing a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1,6). Upon ligand binding, TLR3-ECD dimerizes and the adapter protein TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF/TICAM1) is recruited (1-5). TRIF interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TRAF6 and results in a signal transduction cascade involving activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activation protein-1 (AP-1) (1-5). Transcription factors translocate to the nucleus, driving type I interferon (IFN) production, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and tumor regression (1-5). Furthermore, TRIF can also interact with receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis (1,2,5). Conversely, NF-kappaB transcription can also promote chemokine production and promote the WNT pathway associated with stemness and pro-tumorigenic properties (1,5).

Given the role of TLR3 in immune response, its expression or dysfunction has been associated with a number of pathologies from chronic inflammation to autoimmune disorders and cancer (1-5,7). TLR3 is expressed in many cancer types, often related to viral infection, such as cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer (1,5). TLR3 signaling has a dual role in cancer, either contributing to pro- or anti-tumor properties depending on the type of cancer (1,5). Therapeutic targeting the TLR3 signaling pathway is under investigation. TLR3 inhibitors or antagonists are being studied for the treatment autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as of sepsis and atherosclerosis (2,8). TLR3 agonists, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or therapeutic agents, are being studied as immunotherapeutic treatments of many cancers such as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma (7).

References

1. Zheng X, Li S, Yang H. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors. Front Immunol. 2021;12:667454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.667454

2. Zhuang C, Chen R, Zheng Z, Lu J, Hong C. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Heart Lung Circ. 2022;S1443-9506(22)00080-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.012

3. Bianchi F, Pretto S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Exploiting poly(I:C) to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther. 2017;18(10):747-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2017.1373220

4. Matsumoto M, Seya T. TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C). Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(7):805-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.11.005

5. Muresan XM, Bouchal J, Culig Z, Soucek K. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11):3227. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113227

6. Uniprot (O15455)

7. Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Vacchelli E. Trial watch: TLR3 agonists in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1771143. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2020.1771143

8. Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol. 2017;8:508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00508

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

We have publications tested in 2 confirmed species: Human, Mouse.

We have publications tested in 6 applications: Cytometric Bead Assay Standard, FLOW, Flow Cytometry Control, Flow-CS, IHC-Fr, WB.

Showing Publications 1 - 10 of 17. Show All 17 Publications. Collapse Publications.

Publications using NB100-56571	Applications	Species
Nie H, Mei Z et al. Bushen recipe and its disassembled prescriptions inhibit inflammation of liver injury associated with Concanavalin A through Toll like receptor 3/9 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018-01-08 [PMID: 29845244] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Cipollini OQ Investigating Microglial Innate Immune Responses to Amyloid-Beta (1-42) and Murine Betacoronavirus (MHV-A59) Thesis 1905-07-13 (WB)	WB
Gao T, Zhang SP, Wang JF et al. TLR3 contributes to persistent autophagy and heart failure in mice after myocardial infarction J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2017-09-25 [PMID: 28945004] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Jeon YK, Kim CK, Koh J et al. Pellino-1 confers chemoresistance in lung cancer cells by upregulating cIAP2 through Lys63-mediated polyubiquitination. Oncotarget. 2016-07-05 [PMID: 27248820] (Cytometric Bead Assay Standard, Human)	Cytometric Bead Assay Standard	Human
Jiang M, Broering R, Trippler M et al. MicroRNA-155 controls Toll-like receptor 3- and hepatitis C virus-induced immune responses in the liver. J. Viral Hepat. 2014-02-01 [PMID: 24383923] (Flow-CS, Mouse) Details: BalbC lymphocytes, Fig S1C. Expression of TLR3 was detected using unconjugated anti-TLR3 antibodies and secondary antibodies.	Flow-CS	Mouse
Priya R, Dhanwani R, Patro IK et al. Differential regulation of TLR mediated innate immune response of mouse neuronal cells following infection with novel ECSA genotype of Chikungunya virus with and without E1:A226V mutation. Infect Genet Evol 2013-12-01 [PMID: 24126361] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Yamashita M, Chattopadhyay S, Fensterl V et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor is essential for Toll-like receptor 3 signaling. Sci Signal. 2012-07-17 [PMID: 22810896]
Chen G Y, Hwang S M et al. Defective antiviral responses of induced pluripotent stem cells to baculoviral vector transduction. J Virol 2012-01-08 [PMID: 22623765] (FLOW, Mouse)	FLOW	Mouse
Kleinman ME, Kaneko H, Cho WG et al. Short-interfering RNAs induce retinal degeneration via TLR3 and IRF3. Mol Ther. 2012-01-01 [PMID: 21988875] Details: Antibodies cited: 1. TLR3 pAb (IMG-516): IHC (P), Fig 4D (mouse eye sections) 2. TLR3-PE mAb (IMG-315D): Flow (Surface) and Flow (Intracellular), Fig 4F [primary human retinal pigment epithelium cell isolates (hRPE)]. TLR3 was expressed on both the cell s
Desai MM, Gong B, Chan T et al. Differential, type I interferon-mediated autophagic trafficking of hepatitis C virus proteins in mouse liver. Gastroenterology. 2011-08-01 [PMID: 21683701]
Wu J, Meng Z, Jiang M et al. Toll-like receptor-induced innate immune responses in non-parenchymal liver cells are cell type-specific. Immunology. [PMID: 19922426] Details: Citation using the PE/Cy5 form of this antibody.
Cho WG, Albuquerque RJ, Kleinman ME et al. Small interfering RNA-induced TLR3 activation inhibits blood and lymphatic vessel growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009-04-28 [PMID: 19359485]
Kleinman ME, Yamada K, Takeda A et al. Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3. Nature. 2008-04-03 [PMID: 18368052]
Pawar Rahul D, Patole Prashant S, Ellwart Andreas et al. Ligands to nucleic acid-specific toll-like receptors and the onset of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006-12-01 [PMID: 17082246]
Patole PS, Pawar RD, Lech M et al. Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptors in lupus-like immune complex glomerulonephritis of MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006-11-01 [PMID: 16954173] (IHC-Fr, Mouse) Details: For IHC (frozen) on mouse kidney sections (Fig. 5): TLR3 (IMG-516), TLR7 (IMG-581A), TLR9 (IMG-431) and Rabbit IgG isotype control antibody (20304). For Flow (Intacellular) and Flow (Cell surface) on J774 mouse macrophage-like cell line (Fig 6B): TLR7 (IMG-581A), TLR9 (IMG-431) and Rabbit IG isotype control antibody (20304).	IHC-Fr	Mouse
Pawar RD, Patole PS, Zecher D et al. Toll-like receptor-7 modulates immune complex glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006-01-01 [PMID: 16280469] (Flow-CS, Flow Cytometry Control) Details: Antibodies cited: 1. TLR3 (IMG-516) 2. TLR7 (IMG-581) [Flow (intracellular and cell surface), Fig.3: TLR3 (mesengial cells and J774 macrophages), TLR7 (J774 macrophages)]. [IHC-F, Fig.2 (kidneys of MRL1pr/1pr mice)].	Flow-CS, Flow Cytometry Control
Patole PS, Grone HJ, Segerer S et al. Viral double-stranded RNA aggravates lupus nephritis through Toll-like receptor 3 on glomerular mesangial cells and antigen-presenting cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005-05-01 [PMID: 15772251] (Flow-CS, Flow Cytometry Control) Details: Antibodies cited: 1. TLR3 (IMG-516) [IHC-P, Fig.2 (MRL 1pr/1pr mice kidneys)]. [Flow (cell surface and intracellular), Fig.3 (murine mesangial cell line)].	Flow-CS, Flow Cytometry Control
Show All 17 Publications. Collapse Publications.

Images	Ratings	Applications	Species	Date	Details
Enlarge	4 reviewed by: Bryan Tinsley	IHC	Other	09/18/2014	View Summary Application Immunohistochemistry Species Other

Array NB100-56571

• TLR3 Antibodies
• TLR3 ELISA Kits
• TLR3 Proteins and Enzymes