TRIF, also known as toll like receptor adaptor molecule 1 or TICAM1, is known for its role in invading foreign pathogens as part of our innate immune response. TRIF/TICAM1 is a TIR-domain adaptor protein (toll/interleukin-1 receptor) that interacts with the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) through intracellular signaling and recognition of its TIR site. TLRs are expressed on a variety of cell types, including macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, and more. In addition to TRIF/TICAM1, another universal adaptor for TLRs is myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88). The activation of both MyD88 and TRIF/TICAM1 results in subsequent activation of the nuclear factor kappa beta pathway (NF-κB). The NF-κB then influences a large range of biological processes, including immunity, inflammation and stress response. One way that TRIF/TICAM1 defends a host from foreign pathogens is to initiate autophagy or apoptosis in order to clear the intracellular space from these particles...