| Reactivity | HuSpecies Glossary |
| Applications | Bioactivity |
| Format | Carrier-Free |
| Details of Functionality | Bioassay data are not available. |
| Source | Human heart tissue-derived Cytochrome c protein The human heart tissue used for the isolation of this product was certified by the supplier to be non-reactive for anti-HIV-1/2, anti-HCV, HBsAg, and HIV-1 Ag at the time of shipment. Human products should always be treated in accordance with universal handling precautions. Cytochrome c was chemically oxidized during purification. |
| Protein/Peptide Type | Natural Proteins |
| Gene | CYCS |
| Purity | >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain |
| Dilutions |
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| SDS-PAGE | 11 kDa, reducing conditions |
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| Publications |
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| Storage | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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| Buffer | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Purity | >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain |
| Reconstitution Instructions | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS. |
Cytochrome c is a critical mitochondrial outer membrane-associated protein in the electron transport chain (1). Reduction and oxidation of an iron molecule (Fe3+ to Fe2+ and back) within its central heme group allow it to receive an electron from the Cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase and pass it to cytochrome a within the cytochrome oxidase complex (1). Release of Cytochrome c from mitochondria occurs during initiation of apoptotic pathways, either by mechanisms that rupture or that do not rupture the mitochondial membrane (2, 3). Once in the cytosol, Cytochrome c forms a complex with procaspase 9, recruiting Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease activating factor-1) and dATP to form apoptosomes, which activate effector caspases and ultimately destroy the cell (2, 3). Cytochrome c is highly conserved, with 90% or greater amino acid identity among human (4), mouse, rat, cow and dog sequences. After Cytochrome c translation, the initial methionine is cleaved to form the 104 amino acid mature form.
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Pathway Highlight: Three key factors that contribute to cellular heterogeneity in apoptosis Have you ever wondered why cells in the same population respond differently to an apoptotic stimulus? Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is vital for the removal of unwanted or damaged cells. As with most cellular processes, too much or to... Read full blog post. |
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The use of apoptosis antibodies and controls in cell death research Apoptosis is a method of programmed cell death that is notably characterized by a morphological change in cellular nuclei and membrane appearance. Not to be confused with necrosis, apoptosis is a pathway that is induced by a variety of factors tha... Read full blog post. |
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Bcl-2 - an antiapoptotic protein with an important role in cancer cell survival B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein is an oncogene that normally acts as an apoptotic inhibitor and localizes to the mitochondrial membrane where it prevents the release of cytochrome c. The Bcl-2 protein family consists of over 20 proteins each co... Read full blog post. |
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Cytochrome C - a mediator of apoptosis Cytochrome C is a small heme protein within the inner mitochondrial membrane responsible for carrying electrons within the respiratory transport chain. Additionally, cytochrome c has also been identified as a player in programmed cell death (apop... Read full blog post. |
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Cytochrome C in Apoptosis, Immune Response and Cancer Cytochrome C is an electron carrier protein that localizes in mitochondrion intermembrane space and has been identified as one of the key signaling molecules of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activatio... Read full blog post. |
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Mitofilin and the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Organizing System (MINOS) Mitofilin was originally described as a heart muscle protein due to its high expression in the heart. Recently, analysis of the human heart mitochondrial proteome demonstrated that Mitofilin is one of the most abundant mitochondrial proteins (1). Rese... Read full blog post. |
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Bax Research Gives New Insight into Oxidative Apoptosis Bax is a member of the Bcl-2 family; an extensive range of proteins which play key roles in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by regulating outer mitochondrial membrane permeability. We at Novus Biologicals are one of the leading antibody suppliers... Read full blog post. |
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The Role of the Caspase 3 Antibody in Apoptosis Research The caspases are a group of cysteine protease enzymes essential to apoptosis, inflammation and necrosis. Caspase 3 has been identified as one of the key mediators of apoptosis.Human caspases form three distinct groups: cytokine activators, which are... Read full blog post. |
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