Why is there a difference between the theoretical MW for HIF1A and the observed MW for HIF-1 alpha?

HIF1A, like many other proteins, has post-translational modifications. Depending on the size, amount and nature of the post-translational modifications, it can cause subtle to very large changes in molecular weight.

Which antibody(ies) do you recommend for the detection of HIF-1a by immunohistochemistry in the sections of paraffin-embedded mouse liver samples? I would appreciate if you can give me several choices and rank them in the order of performance. My goal is to distinguish HIF upregulation by prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor in different liver cells.

All of our antibodies are of high quality and are well tested/validated in species/applications we list on the datasheet. However, we suggest the following four HIF-1 alpha antibodies based upon customer reviews, as well as the number of peer reviewed publications in which these products have been cited by researchers from reputed institutes. (1) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) (cat# NB100-105) (cited in at least 218 peer reviewed publications) (2) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (cat# NB100-479) (cited in at least 51 peer reviewed publications) (3) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) (cat# NB100-123 ) (cited in at least 38 peer reviewed publications) (4) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (cat# NB100-449) (cited in at least 31 peer reviewed publications).

I would like to know, does a path exist for detection of HIF 1 in venous blood before and after revascularization of the leg?

We are not entirely sure if HIF-1 alpha will be present in the leg after revascularization. It may be present, but you may want to search the literature to see if this has been looked at before. If not, then this would certainly be an experiment worth doing.

What is the molecular weight (kDa) of protein HIF 1 alpha in western blot?

The theoretical molecular weight of HIF 1-alpha is ~93kDa. However, you will likely see a band between 100-120kDa due to phosphorylation.

We got the Hif1a (NB100-105) antibody from you guys. I used the concentration that is mentioned on your website, but I am getting a band of a completely different size (~70kDa) and not the 120 kDa mentioned.

HIF-1 alpha is a notoriously difficult protein to work with due to its rapid degradation. Therefore, the ~70kDa bands are most likely degradation products. It is very important to lyse the cells in hypoxic conditions. We strongly recommend lysing the cells directly into the Laemmli buffer and doing that quickly, so that the exposure to oxygen is minimized.Please go through our hypoxia related FAQs, you should find them very informative.Also, running a positive control may help confirm the band specificity in your samples. You may prepare them yourself or choose some from our catalog, for example: 1) HeLa Hypoxic / Normoxic Cell Lysate (NBP2-36452)2) HeLa Hypoxic (CoCl2) / Normoxic Cell Lysate (NBP2-36450)

I performed several Western Blots of HIF-1 alpha with different lysis buffers, whole lysates, and cytoplasm/nuclei extractions. I can’t seem to get a good western blot (poor signal, band much lower than expected, etc.). Can someone suggest some technical considerations/tricks I should consider using?

A major issue that researchers working with HIF-1 alpha is degradation due to exposure to oxygen. In western blot, this results in a weaker band and/or the appearance of multiple low molecular weight bands (40-80 kDa). We recommend preparing the lysates after collection of cells/tissues as quickly as possible (on ice), preferably in a hypoxic chamber. We also recommend including a true hypoxia mimetic control (eg: cells treated with CoCl2, DMOG… etc.). The controls help distinguish your band of interest from potential degradation/dimer bands.For more troubleshooting tips and frequently asked questions regarding hypoxia/HIFs, you can refer to our hypoxia-related FAQs.

I am doing HIF1 westerns in HIF-overexpressing mouse liver and adipose tissue using Novus antirabbit HIF1a antibody with overnight incubation. I am getting strong bands around 90kDa. I am aware that HIF theoretical molecular weight is 93kDa, but in westerns, the HIF band is usually around 120kDa according to my internet research. Can someone let me know if I’m getting the right HIF band or just some non-specific bands? Thanks.

(1) HIF-1 alpha’s theoretical molecular weight is 93kDa. The post translationally modified/ubiquitinated form of HIF-1 alpha protein (fails to undergo proteasomal degradation) shows up as a band in the 110-130 kDa range on a Western blot.(2) The dimeric protein may appear at a position above 200 kDa on non-reducing gels.(3) Importantly, HIFs are among the most rapidly degradable proteins; therefore, sample preparation is highly important when analyzing HIF1 alpha or HIF2 alpha. When degraded, HIF-1 alpha may show up between 40-80 kDa position on Western blot. Degradation may be avoided by preparing the samples as soon as possible after collection of cells/tissues in hypoxic chamber. Notably, the tissues/cells should be kept on ice during lysate preparation and the lysates should be analyzed as soon as possible.(4) For troubleshooting suggestions/feedback on more than 25 similar frequently asked questions, I would recommend visiting Novus page: FAQs - Hypoxia and HIFs (5) Last but not the least, Novus technical support team may be contacted via email

I have Hif1a nuclear protein extract at -80C. I am wondering if anyone knows how long it would be good for at that temperature since HIf1a is known to be degraded easily.Thank you!

You could try a few things to further inhibit the degradation.1) Use the protease inhibitors (if you are not already using them).2) Lyse cells into a buffer that contains SDS or LDS (eg: Laemmli's buffer), since SDS and LDS denature and inhibit proteases. Lysis may even be performed with reducing agents in the buffer (eg. DTT), but this will make your lysates unsuitable for BCA assay.3) Lysing samples rapidly ensures that the samples are instantly homogenized (it also shears DNA released by the SDS).5) Flash-freezing samples in liquid nitrogen rather than freezing at -80*C reduces the window of time for protease activity.6) Freeze samples in individual aliquots, instead of thawing the same vial multiple times.

I am curious to know the biochemical reactions of CoCl2 that mimic hypoxia. Is it that CoCl2 can bind any ubiquitin enzyme which regulates their degradation?

CoCl2 inhibits PHD enzymes (the body’s “oxygen sensors”) by replacing the Fe ion with Co, preventing these enzymes from marking HIF-1 alpha for degradation. CoCl2-based hypoxia mimetic samples are often used as positive control in HIF analysis. For more troubleshooting tips and frequently asked questions regarding hypoxia/HIFs, you can refer to our hypoxia-related FAQs.

I am curious to know the biochemical reactions of CoCl2 that mimic hypoxia. Is it that CoCl2 can bind any ubiquitin enzyme which regulates their degradation?

CoCl2 inhibits PHD enzymes (the body’s “oxygen sensors”) by replacing the Fe ion with Co, preventing these enzymes from marking HIF-1 alpha for degradation. CoCl2-based hypoxia mimetic samples are often used as positive control in HIF analysis. For more troubleshooting tips and frequently asked questions regarding hypoxia/HIFs, you can refer to our hypoxia-related FAQs.

Is cross-reactivity with HIF-2 alpha tested/predicted?

Although we don’t have cross-reactivity data with regards to HIF-2 alpha, we predict minimal cross-reactivity based on low sequence similarity observed from BLAST analysis between HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha.

We ordered and received the HIF-1 alpha antibody NB100-449 and on the packing slip it says that is prepared in TBS+0.1% BSA. I will be using it for western blots. DO you think my choice of blocking buffer (milk or Blotto) could interfere with the activity of this antibody or should it be necessarily BSA based?

Choice of blocking buffer is entirely within your discretion; it will not affect the antibody binding activity. Please note, some blocking buffers may work better than others and sometimes optimization is needed.When working with hypoxia there are other important factors to consider, as HIF-alpha is very easily degraded. The lysates should be freshly prepared. Also lysate preparation should be as quick as possible to avoid any exposure to oxygen - we recommend lysing cells directly into the SDS sample loading buffer (Laemmli buffer). We also highly recommend using positive control (you can prepare them yourself or choose some of those we have for sale).I have attached some additional information that you may find quite useful. Also here are some hypoxia related FAQ addressing common concerns.

Our lab recently ordered NB100-449, HIF-1 alpha antibody. Unfortunately an inexperienced technician stored it at -20C rather than 4C for approximately 2 days. Have you done any tests to determine antibody functionality if frozen?

The recommended storage condition of HIF-1 alpha antibody NB100-449 is 4C and we highly recommended not storing the product lower than the freezing point, as it may potentially disrupt the protein folding and destroy the antigen binding site of the antibody. Since we likely have not tested a storage condition of -20C for this antibody, we cannot really say if this antibody has been impaired by the storage condition. Our recommendation would be to test the antibody in a small portion of your treated cell line and see if the antibody is still reactive to the HIF-1 alpha protein.

Could you clarify if Yeast is a reactive species for HIF1a product #NB100-105?

This HIF-1 alpha antibody has not been tested in yeast. The homology is not significantly homologous so we do not believe there will be cross reactivity to the yeast protein.

Can HIF-1 alpha Antibody (Dylight 488), product NB100-479G, react with goat species? Does this product have preservatives in it?

NB100-479G has not been tested in goat species. Only the listed species on the product page and datasheet will be guaranteed. Reactivity: Hu, Mu, Rt, Ca, Fi, Ha, Pm, RbThe immunogen for this antibody corresponds to amino acids 530-825 of mouse Hifa. Running a sequence alignment of this sequence with the goat sequence found on UniProt yields around 81% homology.Mouse Hif1a: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q61221#sequencesGoat Hif1a: https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A0A023R978#sequencesLastly, there is 0.05% Sodium Azide present in the formulation of the product. This is also listed on the product page and datasheet. Buffer: 50mM Sodium BoratePreservative: 0.05% Sodium Azide

What's the difference between NBP2-75977 vs NBP2-75978?

While the same immunogen was used to make both HIF-1 alpha antibodies, they are different clones, meaning they recognize a different epitope on the immunogen .

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HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) [Allophycocyanin]

Name: HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) [Allophycocyanin]
Brand: Novus Biologicals
SKU: NB100-105APC
Price: 549 USD

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Product Details

Summary

Reactivity	Hu, Mu, Rt, Po, Bv, Ca, Fe, Ma, Pm, Pm, Rb, Sh, XpSpecies Glossary
Applications	WB, Simple Western, ChIP, ELISA, Flow, Func, GS, ICC/IF, IHC, IP, NULL, WB, ChIP, IHC, KD, KO
Clone	H1alpha67
Clonality	Monoclonal
Host	Mouse
Conjugate	Allophycocyanin

Order Details

View Available Conjugates

Catalog# & Conjugate	Size	Price
Alexa Fluor 350 NB100-105AF350

Alexa Fluor 405 NB100-105AF405

Alexa Fluor 488 NB100-105AF488

Alexa Fluor 532 NB100-105AF532

Alexa Fluor 594 NB100-105AF594

Alexa Fluor 647 NB100-105AF647

Alexa Fluor 700 NB100-105AF700

Alexa Fluor 750 NB100-105AF750

Biotin NB100-105B

CoraFluor 1 NB100-105CL1

DyLight 350 NB100-105UV

DyLight 405 NB100-105V

DyLight 488 NB100-105G

DyLight 550 NB100-105R

DyLight 594 NB100-105DL594

DyLight 650 NB100-105C

DyLight 680 NB100-105FR

DyLight 755 NB100-105IR

FITC NB100-105F

HRP NB100-105H

Janelia Fluor 525 NB100-105JF525

Janelia Fluor 549 NB100-105JF549

Janelia Fluor 646 NB100-105JF646

Janelia Fluor 669 NB100-105JF669

PE NB100-105PE

PerCP NB100-105PCP

Unconjugated NB100-105

mFluor Violet 450 SE NB100-105MFV450

mFluor Violet 500 SE NB100-105MFV500

mFluor Violet 610 SE NB100-105MFV610

View Available Formulations

Catalog# & Formulation	Size	Price
Standard Formulation NB100-105

Azide and BSA Free NBP2-80760

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Conjugate	Catalog #	Availability	Size	Price
Alexa Fluor 350	NB100-105AF350
Alexa Fluor 405	NB100-105AF405
Alexa Fluor 488	NB100-105AF488
Alexa Fluor 532	NB100-105AF532
Alexa Fluor 594	NB100-105AF594
Alexa Fluor 647	NB100-105AF647
Alexa Fluor 700	NB100-105AF700
Alexa Fluor 750	NB100-105AF750
Biotin	NB100-105B
CoraFluor 1	NB100-105CL1
DyLight 350	NB100-105UV
DyLight 405	NB100-105V
DyLight 488	NB100-105G
DyLight 550	NB100-105R
DyLight 594	NB100-105DL594
DyLight 650	NB100-105C
DyLight 680	NB100-105FR
DyLight 755	NB100-105IR
FITC	NB100-105F
HRP	NB100-105H
Janelia Fluor 525	NB100-105JF525
Janelia Fluor 549	NB100-105JF549
Janelia Fluor 646	NB100-105JF646
Janelia Fluor 669	NB100-105JF669
PE	NB100-105PE
PerCP	NB100-105PCP
Unconjugated	NB100-105
mFluor Violet 450 SE	NB100-105MFV450
mFluor Violet 500 SE	NB100-105MFV500
mFluor Violet 610 SE	NB100-105MFV610

HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) [Allophycocyanin] Summary

Immunogen	This HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) was developed against a fusion protein containing amino acids 432 - 528 of human HIF-1 alpha [Uniprot# Q16665].
Localization	HIF-1 is a nuclear protein
Isotype	IgG2b
Clonality	Monoclonal
Host	Mouse
Gene	HIF1A
Purity	Protein G purified
Innovator's Reward	Test in a species/application not listed above to receive a full credit towards a future purchase. Learn about the Innovator's Reward

Applications/Dilutions

Dilutions	Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ELISA Flow Cytometry Gel Super Shift Assays Immunoassay Immunoblotting Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence Immunohistochemistry Free-Floating Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemistry-Frozen Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin Immunoprecipitation In vitro assay Knockdown Validated Knockout Validated Ligand Activation Proximity Ligation Assay Simple Western Tissue Culture Substratum Western Blot
Application Notes	Optimal dilution of this antibody should be experimentally determined.
Theoretical MW	93 kDa. Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.

Reactivity Notes

Use in Rat reported in scientific literature (PMID:33816617).

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

Storage	Store at 4C in the dark.
Buffer	PBS
Preservative	0.05% Sodium Azide
Purity	Protein G purified

Alternate Names for HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) [Allophycocyanin]

AINT
anti-HIF-1 alpha
anti-HIF1A
ARNT interacting protein
ARNT-interacting protein
Basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS protein MOP1
BHLHE78
Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 78
H1alpha67
HIF 1A
HIF1 alpha
HIF-1 alpha
HIF1
HIF1A
HIF-1a
HIF-1alpha
HIF-1-alpha
HIF1-alpha
hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha
hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)
hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
Member of PAS protein 1
member of PAS superfamily 1
MOP1
PAS domain-containing protein 8
PASD8

Background

Hypoxia contributes to the pathophysiology of human disease, including myocardial and cerebral ischemia, cancer, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1). In cancer and particularly solid tumors, hypoxia plays a critical role in the regulation of genes involved in stem cell renewal, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and angiogenesis. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), hypoxia influences the properties and function of stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells) and is a strong determinant of tumor progression (2,3).

HIF-1 or hypoxia inducible factor 1 (predicted molecular weight 93kDa), is a transcription factor commonly referred to as a "master regulator of the hypoxic response" for its central role in the regulation of cellular adaptations to hypoxia. In its active form under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1 is stabilized by the formation of a heterodimer of HIF-1 alpha and ARNT/HIF-1 beta subunits. Nuclear HIF-1 engages p300/CBP for binding to hypoxic response elements (HREs). This process induces transcription and regulation of genes including EPO, VEGF, iNOS2, ANGPT1 and OCT4 (4,5).

Under normoxic conditions, the HIF-1 alpha subunit is rapidly targeted and degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system. This process is mediated by prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs), which catalyze the hydroxylation of key proline residues (Pro-402 and Pro-564) within the oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-1 alpha. Once hydroxylated, HIF-1 alpha binds the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) for subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (4). pVHL dependent regulation of HIF-1 alpha plays a role in normal physiology and disease states. Regulation of HIF-1 alpha by pVHL is critical for the suppressive function of FoxP3+ regulatory Tcells (6). Repression of pVHL expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells leads to HIF-1 alpha stabilization and increased VEGF secretion (7).

References

1. Semenza, G. L., Agani, F., Feldser, D., Iyer, N., Kotch, L., Laughner, E., & Yu, A. (2000). Hypoxia, HIF-1, and the pathophysiology of common human diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.

2. Muz, B., de la Puente, P., Azab, F., & Azab, A. K. (2015). The role of hypoxia in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia. https://doi.org/10.2147/hp.s93413

3. Huang, Y., Lin, D., & Taniguchi, C. M. (2017). Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) in the tumor microenvironment: friend or foe? Science China Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-017-9178-y

4. Koyasu, S., Kobayashi, M., Goto, Y., Hiraoka, M., & Harada, H. (2018). Regulatory mechanisms of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activity: Two decades of knowledge. Cancer Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13483

5. Dengler, V. L., Galbraith, M. D., & Espinosa, J. M. (2014). Transcriptional regulation by hypoxia inducible factors. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2013.838205

6. Lee, J. H., Elly, C., Park, Y., & Liu, Y. C. (2015). E3Ubiquitin Ligase VHL Regulates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 alpha to Maintain Regulatory T Cell Stability and Suppressive Capacity. Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.016

7. Ghosh, A. K., Shanafelt, T. D., Cimmino, A., Taccioli, C., Volinia, S., Liu, C. G., ... Kay, N. E. (2009). Aberrant regulation of pVHL levels by microRNA promotes the HIF/VEGF axis in CLL B cells. Blood. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-10-185686

Limitations

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

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Product General Protocols

Find general support by application which include: protocols, troubleshooting, illustrated assays, videos and webinars.

Video Protocols

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FAQs for HIF-1 alpha Antibody (NB100-105APC). (Showing 1 - 10 of 11 FAQ).

Why is there a difference between the theoretical MW for HIF1A and the observed MW for HIF-1 alpha?
- HIF1A, like many other proteins, has post-translational modifications. Depending on the size, amount and nature of the post-translational modifications, it can cause subtle to very large changes in molecular weight.
Which antibody(ies) do you recommend for the detection of HIF-1a by immunohistochemistry in the sections of paraffin-embedded mouse liver samples? I would appreciate if you can give me several choices and rank them in the order of performance. My goal is to distinguish HIF upregulation by prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor in different liver cells.
- All of our antibodies are of high quality and are well tested/validated in species/applications we list on the datasheet. However, we suggest the following four HIF-1 alpha antibodies based upon customer reviews, as well as the number of peer reviewed publications in which these products have been cited by researchers from reputed institutes. (1) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) (cat# NB100-105) (cited in at least 218 peer reviewed publications) (2) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (cat# NB100-479) (cited in at least 51 peer reviewed publications) (3) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (H1alpha67) (cat# NB100-123 ) (cited in at least 38 peer reviewed publications) (4) HIF-1 alpha Antibody (cat# NB100-449) (cited in at least 31 peer reviewed publications).
I would like to know, does a path exist for detection of HIF 1 in venous blood before and after revascularization of the leg?
- We are not entirely sure if HIF-1 alpha will be present in the leg after revascularization. It may be present, but you may want to search the literature to see if this has been looked at before. If not, then this would certainly be an experiment worth doing.
What is the molecular weight (kDa) of protein HIF 1 alpha in western blot?
- The theoretical molecular weight of HIF 1-alpha is ~93kDa. However, you will likely see a band between 100-120kDa due to phosphorylation.
We got the Hif1a (NB100-105) antibody from you guys. I used the concentration that is mentioned on your website, but I am getting a band of a completely different size (~70kDa) and not the 120 kDa mentioned.
- HIF-1 alpha is a notoriously difficult protein to work with due to its rapid degradation. Therefore, the ~70kDa bands are most likely degradation products. It is very important to lyse the cells in hypoxic conditions. We strongly recommend lysing the cells directly into the Laemmli buffer and doing that quickly, so that the exposure to oxygen is minimized.Please go through our hypoxia related FAQs, you should find them very informative.Also, running a positive control may help confirm the band specificity in your samples. You may prepare them yourself or choose some from our catalog, for example: 1) HeLa Hypoxic / Normoxic Cell Lysate (NBP2-36452)2) HeLa Hypoxic (CoCl2) / Normoxic Cell Lysate (NBP2-36450)
I performed several Western Blots of HIF-1 alpha with different lysis buffers, whole lysates, and cytoplasm/nuclei extractions. I can’t seem to get a good western blot (poor signal, band much lower than expected, etc.). Can someone suggest some technical considerations/tricks I should consider using?
- A major issue that researchers working with HIF-1 alpha is degradation due to exposure to oxygen. In western blot, this results in a weaker band and/or the appearance of multiple low molecular weight bands (40-80 kDa). We recommend preparing the lysates after collection of cells/tissues as quickly as possible (on ice), preferably in a hypoxic chamber. We also recommend including a true hypoxia mimetic control (eg: cells treated with CoCl2, DMOG… etc.). The controls help distinguish your band of interest from potential degradation/dimer bands.For more troubleshooting tips and frequently asked questions regarding hypoxia/HIFs, you can refer to our hypoxia-related FAQs.
I am doing HIF1 westerns in HIF-overexpressing mouse liver and adipose tissue using Novus antirabbit HIF1a antibody with overnight incubation. I am getting strong bands around 90kDa. I am aware that HIF theoretical molecular weight is 93kDa, but in westerns, the HIF band is usually around 120kDa according to my internet research. Can someone let me know if I’m getting the right HIF band or just some non-specific bands? Thanks.
- (1) HIF-1 alpha’s theoretical molecular weight is 93kDa. The post translationally modified/ubiquitinated form of HIF-1 alpha protein (fails to undergo proteasomal degradation) shows up as a band in the 110-130 kDa range on a Western blot.(2) The dimeric protein may appear at a position above 200 kDa on non-reducing gels.(3) Importantly, HIFs are among the most rapidly degradable proteins; therefore, sample preparation is highly important when analyzing HIF1 alpha or HIF2 alpha. When degraded, HIF-1 alpha may show up between 40-80 kDa position on Western blot. Degradation may be avoided by preparing the samples as soon as possible after collection of cells/tissues in hypoxic chamber. Notably, the tissues/cells should be kept on ice during lysate preparation and the lysates should be analyzed as soon as possible.(4) For troubleshooting suggestions/feedback on more than 25 similar frequently asked questions, I would recommend visiting Novus page: FAQs - Hypoxia and HIFs (5) Last but not the least, Novus technical support team may be contacted via email
I have Hif1a nuclear protein extract at -80C. I am wondering if anyone knows how long it would be good for at that temperature since HIf1a is known to be degraded easily.Thank you!
- You could try a few things to further inhibit the degradation.1) Use the protease inhibitors (if you are not already using them).2) Lyse cells into a buffer that contains SDS or LDS (eg: Laemmli's buffer), since SDS and LDS denature and inhibit proteases. Lysis may even be performed with reducing agents in the buffer (eg. DTT), but this will make your lysates unsuitable for BCA assay.3) Lysing samples rapidly ensures that the samples are instantly homogenized (it also shears DNA released by the SDS).5) Flash-freezing samples in liquid nitrogen rather than freezing at -80*C reduces the window of time for protease activity.6) Freeze samples in individual aliquots, instead of thawing the same vial multiple times.
I am curious to know the biochemical reactions of CoCl2 that mimic hypoxia. Is it that CoCl2 can bind any ubiquitin enzyme which regulates their degradation?
- CoCl2 inhibits PHD enzymes (the body’s “oxygen sensors”) by replacing the Fe ion with Co, preventing these enzymes from marking HIF-1 alpha for degradation. CoCl2-based hypoxia mimetic samples are often used as positive control in HIF analysis. For more troubleshooting tips and frequently asked questions regarding hypoxia/HIFs, you can refer to our hypoxia-related FAQs.
I am curious to know the biochemical reactions of CoCl2 that mimic hypoxia. Is it that CoCl2 can bind any ubiquitin enzyme which regulates their degradation?
- CoCl2 inhibits PHD enzymes (the body’s “oxygen sensors”) by replacing the Fe ion with Co, preventing these enzymes from marking HIF-1 alpha for degradation. CoCl2-based hypoxia mimetic samples are often used as positive control in HIF analysis. For more troubleshooting tips and frequently asked questions regarding hypoxia/HIFs, you can refer to our hypoxia-related FAQs.
Is cross-reactivity with HIF-2 alpha tested/predicted?
- Although we don’t have cross-reactivity data with regards to HIF-2 alpha, we predict minimal cross-reactivity based on low sequence similarity observed from BLAST analysis between HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha.

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Hypoxia-Dependent CAR Stabilizing Construct in T cells Improves Solid Tumor Targeting and Efficacy
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Tired T cells: Hypoxia Drives T cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment
By Hunter MartinezThe paradigm shifting view of the immune system being leveraged to target cancer has led to numerous therapeutic breakthroughs. One major cell group responsible for this revelation is a T cell. ... Read full blog post.

Understanding ‘Y’ in Breast Cancer: Crucial Role of DNA/RNA-binding Protein YB-1 in the Development, Pre-Invasive, and Metastatic Phases
Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD In the United States, 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime.1 Despite the prevalence, cancer genesis is a mystery. The heterogeneity of cancers makes it diff... Read full blog post.

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Breast cancer stem cells survive chemotherapy through S100A10-ANXA2-SPT6 interaction that epigenetically promotes OCT4-mediated stemness
By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhDBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women that causes the greatest number of cancer-related deaths worldwide. After radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy like paclitax... Read full blog post.

mTOR Signaling and the Tumor Microenvironment
By Yoskaly Lazo-Fernandez, PhD The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that, as a member of two distinct intracellular protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, regulates protein ... Read full blog post.

Bad news for stomach cancer: BAMBI protein inhibits gastric carcinoma via TGF-beta/epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling
By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D. Gastric carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. One of the key features of gastric carcinoma is acidosis, which promotes growth and metastasis of gastric ... Read full blog post.

Developmental regulator Daam2 promotes glial cell tumors by degrading Von Hippel-Lindau protein
By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D. Glioblastoma is an aggressive type of cancer that forms from the star-shaped glial cells of the central nervous system, called astrocytes. Intriguingly, several genes linked to glioblasto... Read full blog post.

Stemness for Surviving Hypoxia: TGF-beta/Smad Signaling in Multiple Myeloma
By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of antibody-producing plasma cells. The bone marrow (BM) of MM patients is hypoxic, and MM cells overexpress many cancerous genes that are regulated by hy... Read full blog post.

Forecasting and Targeting a Rare Cancer with Hypoxia-Inducible Factor
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At	=	A. thaliana	SyHa	=	Golden Syrian Hamster
All	=	All Species	Ha	=	Hamster
An	=	Animal	Hu	=	Human
ArHa	=	Armenian Hamster	I	=	Insect
Av	=	Avian	Ll	=	Llama
Bb	=	Baboon	Ma	=	Mammal
Ba	=	Bacteria	Mk	=	Monkey
Bv	=	Bovine	Mu	=	Mouse
Ca	=	Canine	Multi	=	Multi-species
Ce	=	C. Elegans	NA	=	Non-species specific
Ch	=	Chicken	Or	=	Orangutan
ChHa	=	Chinese Hamster	Pl	=	Plant
Cm	=	Cynomolgus Monkey	Pm	=	Primate
Do	=	Donkey	Po	=	Porcine
Dr	=	Drosophilia	Rb	=	Rabbit
Ec	=	E. Coli	Rt	=	Rat
Eq	=	Equine	RM	=	Rhesus Macaque
Fe	=	Feline	Sh	=	Sheep
Ft	=	Ferret	Vb	=	Vertebrate
Fi	=	Fish	Vi	=	Virus
Fu	=	Fungi	Xp	=	Xenopus
Ge	=	Gerbil	Ye	=	Yeast
GP	=	Guinea Pig	Ze	=	Zebrafish
Gt	=	Goat

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