Antibody suppliers

CD31/PECAM-1, or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, is a 130-kDa glycoprotein expressed on vascular and hematopoietic cells.  Depending on the cell type, CD31/PECAM-1 expression can be largely localized to cell junctions, playing a role in cell adhesion.  Aside from its role in cellular adhesion, CD31/PECAM-1 is also a large player in a variety of signaling pathways, such as angiogenesis, cell migration, leukocyte transmigration and more.  Specifically, the association and indication of angiogenesis in breast cancer is of interest, given that extensive research shows an

Sordaria macrospora is a filamentous fungus that serves as very useful system for scientific research due to a short life cycle and easy manipulation.  Just like any other model organism, it is important to have an effective loading control to validate experiments in the Sordaria macrospora.  In addition, the growth and morphogenesis of filamentous fungi is dependent on actin organization.  Actin is a very abundant protein across biological species and can transition between monomeric and filamentous states.  Actin has an alpha and beta isoform, both of which sha

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by an abundance of the beta-amyloid peptide in the brain.  When AD was first discovered, it was determined that beta-amyloid was produced as a result of the proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP).  Aside from its role in AD, the single-pass transmembrane APP has a high expression level in the brain and tends to concentrate at the synapses of neurons.  Because of this localization, it has been suggested that APP plays a role in synapse formation and potentially plasticity.  However, the

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1-alpha subunit (PDHA1) is one of multiple enzymes in a mitochondrial complex, called the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, involved in the transition between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during cellular respiration. The PDHA1 enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces acetyl-CoA and CO2 from pyruvate (1). PDHA1 also regulates the PDH complex through reversible phosphorylation.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays a crucial role in nucleic acid metabolism as it pertains to DNA replication and repair.  Most noted for its activation of subunits of DNA polymerase, it has also been found to interact with cell-cycle progression proteins.  Modifications of PCNA as a result of cellular response put PCNA in a pivotal position with DNA replication, DNA damage, and chromatin structure and function.  In response to DNA damage, PCNA is ubiquitinated and becomes part of the RAD-6 dependent DNA repair pathway, where it acts as a substrate with a variety of p

GFP, or green fluorescent protein, is a chemiluminescent protein derived from Aequorea jellyfish that was first discovered by Osamu Shimomura.  It was soon after established that the emission spectra of GFP was right around 509nm, or the ultraviolet color range.  The GFP gene is often used to form expression constructs in order to closely follow protein behavior, cellular differentiation, protein localization and more.  The following articles employed a GFP antibody in conjunction with various other GFP construct techniques to strengthe

Even though the direct detection method is becoming more popular for immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry experiments, the indirect detection method still remains the preferred choice for many other applications. In direct detection, the labeled primary antibody is responsible for both binding and detection of the antigen of interest.

Why- If the CRISPR-Cas9 transfection is not successful, it would not be relevant to relate the observations from transfected cells to the expected outcome of gene editing experiment.

Transportin 1, also known as Karyopherin- β 2 or Importin- β 2, is part of the β-karyopherins family, which consists of importins and exportins responsible for the active transport of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm.  Transportin 1 is composed of twenty HEAT (or a tandem repeat protein structural motif comprised of two alpha helices that end with a short loop) stacks that form a helix.  In the presence of Ran-GTP, Transportin 1 undergoes a conformational change to release the cargo it’s transporting.  Transportin 1 is known to bi

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is best known as a sensor of oxidative stress.  AMPK is activated by increased intracellular AMP levels, which are a result of alterations in cellular metabolism from causes such as hypoxia, changes in ATP, senescence and more.  In cell stress models, AMPK can protect cells from reduced ATP production by altering ATP biosynthetic pathways.  Furthermore, AMPK has implications in reducing inflammatory reactions in apoptosis pathways.