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Autophagic Cell Death Pathway Bioinformatics

Autophagy is a mechanism that causes the degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components with the use of lysosomal machinery. Autophagy can be used to regulate cellular energy levels and the recycling of cellular components. In certain diseases, autophagy works to inhibit the proliferation of dangerous cells in a process known as autophagic cell death. The cell death is not fully caused by autophagy, however, and most cases are termed cell death with autophagy. This is because some scientists believe that the autophagic mechanisms that occur during cell death may actually be a survival attempt rather than a method of destroying cells. In cases of autophagic cell death, there is an absence of chromatin condensation but the early degradation of organelles causes cytoplasmic vacuolization. There is no tissue inflammatory response, as is seen in other types of cell death. Autophagic cell death may be an important method of destroying dangerous cells in diseases such as cancer, but more research must be conducted to fully understand the mechanism and initiation of this function.

Top Research Reagents

We have 3523 products for the study of the Autophagic Cell Death Pathway that can be applied to Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot from our catalog of antibodies and ELISA kits.

Ribosomal Protein S6/RPS6 Antibody
NB100-1595
Western Blot: Ribosomal Protein S6/RPS6 Antibody [NB100-1595] - Detection of human and mouse RPS6 by western blot. Samples: Whole cell lysate (50 ug) from HeLa, HEK293T, Jurkat, mouse TCMK-1, and mouse NIH 3T3 cells prepared using NETN lysis buffer. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-RPS6 antibody NB100-1595 used for WB at 0.04 ug/ml. Detection: Chemiluminescence with an exposure time of 1 second.PreviousImmunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Ribosomal Protein S6/RPS6 Antibody [NB100-1595] - Section of human lung carcinoma. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-RPS6 (NB100-1595). Detection: DAB

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

     1 Review

6 Publications
TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody
NB600-607
Western Blot: TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody [NB600-607] - Affinity Purified TOR/TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] antibody is shown to detect a 250 kDa band (indicated) corresponding to phosphorylated human TOR/mTOR present in a 293T whole cell lysates. Cells were serum-starved for 24 hours prior to harvest. ~20 ug of lysate was loaded per lane for SDS-PAGE. Untreated cells are shown in lane 1, whereas cells in lane 2 were treated with IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) for 20 min prior to harvest. Follow reaction of antibody with a 1:2000 dilution of HRP Goat-a-Rabbit IgG for visualization.Immunohistochemistry: TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody [NB600-607] - affinity purified TOR/TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] antibody was used at 5 ug/ml to detect signal in a variety of tissues including multi-human, multi-brain and multi-cancer slides. This image shows moderate staining of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney (40X). Tissue was formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded. The image shows localization of the antibody as the precipitated red signal, with a hematoxylin purple nuclear counterstain.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Rat
Applications WB, ELISA, IHC

     2 Reviews

9 Publications
ATG5 Antibody - BSA Free
NB110-53818
Western Blot: ATG5 Antibody - BSA Free [NB110-53818] - ERK phosphorylation in Atg5-/-cells depends on nutrient availability. Serum-deprived Atg5-/- MEFs display decreased ERK and p90RSK phosphorylation. Immunoblots for the indicated proteins in total lysates from 2 h serum-deprived WT and Atg5-/- MEFs. The bars represent mean+/-s.e.m. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 compared with Con; Student's t-test, n=3. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3799), licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: ATG5 Antibody - BSA Free [NB110-53818] - ERK2 utilizes kinase-docking domains to interact with ATG5-ATG12 and LC3-II.(a) Mutations in FRS on ERK2 decrease colocalization of ERK2 with ATG5-ATG12, LC3 and WIPI1. Immunofluorescence (IF) showing colocalization (depicted as white pixels by colocalization finder application') of WT-ERK2-HA, FRS ERK2 mutants (L198A-, L232A-, L198A/L232A-, Y261A-ERK2-HA) or common docking (CD) mutant (D319N-ERK2-HA) with ATG5-ATG12 (panels 1-6), LC3 (panels 7-12) or WIPI1 (panels 13-18) in EGF-treated NIH/3T3 cells. ERK2 is stained in red, and autophagy proteins are stained in green. Scale bar, 10 um. The bars represent mean+/-s.e.m. **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001 compared with WT-ERK2-transfected cells; Student's t-test, 50 cells analysed from n=2. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3799), licensed under a CC-BY license.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, EM

     7 Reviews

286 Publications
DNAH5 Antibody
NBP1-84463
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: DNAH5 Antibody [NBP1-84463] - Analysis in human fallopian tube and liver tissues. Corresponding DNAH5 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: DNAH5 Antibody [NBP1-84463] - Staining of human cerebral cortex, fallopian tube, liver and nasopharynx using Anti-DNAH5 antibody NBP1-84463 (A) shows similar protein distribution across tissues to independent antibody NBP1-84464 (B).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications IHC, IHC-P, IP

3 Publications
DNAI1 Antibody
NBP1-84466
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: DNAI1 Antibody [NBP1-84466] - Staining in human testis and prostate tissues using NBP1-84466 antibody. Corresponding DNAI1 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: DNAI1 Antibody [NBP1-84466] - Staining of human fallopian tube, placenta, prostate and testis using Anti-DNAI1 antibody NBP1-84466 (A) shows similar protein distribution across tissues to independent antibody NBP1-84465 (B).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

2 Publications
p53 Antibody (PAb 240) - BSA Free
NB200-103
Western Blot: p53 Antibody (PAb 240) [NB200-103] - Analysis of p53 in MCF7 and HeLa lystates. Image courtesy of anonymous customer product review.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: p53 Antibody (PAb 240) [NB200-103] - PC12 cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes and permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes. The cells were incubated with anti-p53 Antibody (PAb 240) NB200-103 at 2 ug/ml overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse Dylight 488 (Green) at a 1:1000 dilution for 60 minutes. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 40X objective.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ELISA, Flow

     3 Reviews

42 Publications
ERK1 Antibody (1E5) - BSA Free
NBP2-22203
Western Blot: ERK1 Antibody (1E5) [NBP2-22203] - Western blot analysis of whole cell lysates from (1) MCF7 (2) NIH3T3 cell lines using ERK1 antibody (clone 1E5) at 1:1000 dilution. The signal was developed using HRP labeled goat-anti Mouse secondary antibody with ECL based detection. Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: ERK1 Antibody (1E5) [NBP2-22203] - Analysis of NIH/3T3 cells using ERK1 mouse mAb (green). Blue: DRAQ5 fluorescent DNA dye. Red: Actin filaments have been labeled with Alexa Fluor-555 phalloidin.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ELISA, Flow

1 Publication
Bcl-2 Antibody
NB100-56098
Western Blot: Bcl-2 Antibody [NB100-56098] - Analysis of Bcl-2 in whole cell lysate from Daoy cells. Cells were transfected with (1) scrambled control siRNA or (2) Bcl-2 siRNA. Image from verified customer review.Western Blot: Bcl-2 Antibody [NB100-56098] - EA reduced MPP+-induced dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis by increasing BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression and further Akt phosphorylation in the rat substantia nigra. Eight days after MPP+ administration, our Western blot results (MAB7566) show that MPP+ treatment reduced tyrosine hydroxylase and Bcl-2 expression in the ipsilateral side of the rat substantia nigra (SN), but not in the contralateral side. EA stimulation (50 Hz) enhanced mature BDNF, tyrosine hydroxylase, and Bcl-2 expression in the MPP+-treated ipsilateral side. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/9/1846), licensed under a CC-BY license.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

     2 Reviews

26 Publications
Beclin 1 Antibody - BSA Free
NB500-249
Western Blot: Beclin 1 Antibody - BSA Free [NB500-249] - Expression of Beclin 1 mRNA and protein in cells and tissues. (A) Beclin 1 mRNA expression level up-regulated in gastric cancer cell lines compared with normal gastric epithelial cells by reverse transcription-PCR. (B) Beclin 1 protein expression level up-regulated in gastric cancer cell lines compared with normal gastric epithelial cells by western blotting. (C) Beclin 1 mRNA expression is elevated in primary gastric tumors compared with paired gastric adjacent noncancerous tissues by reverse transcription-PCR. (D) Beclin 1 protein expression is elevated in primary gastric tumors compared with paired gastric adjacent noncancerous tissues by western blotting. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045968) licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Beclin 1 Antibody - BSA Free [NB500-249] - Beclin 1/ATG6 Antibody [NB500-249] - Beclin 1 antibody was tested in HeLa cells with Dylight 488 (green). Nuclei and alpha-tubulin were counterstained with DAPI (blue) and Dylight 550 (red).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, Flow

     9 Reviews

163 Publications
p21/CIP1/CDKN1A Antibody (WA-1)
NBP2-29463
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: p21/CIP1/CDKN1A Antibody (WA-1) [NBP2-29463] - Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human bladder carcinoma stained with p21 Monoclonal Antibody (WA-1).

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Chimpanzee
Applications WB, Flow, ICC/IF

24 Publications
AKT [p Ser473] Antibody [Unconjugated] - Pan Specific
AF887
Western blot shows lysates of NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line untreated (-) or treated (+) with 100 ng/mL Human PDGF (<a class=Akt phosphorylated at S473 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human breast cancer tissue using Rabbit Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat Phospho-Akt (S473) Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF887) at 10 µg/mL overnight at 4 °C. Tissue was stained using the Anti-Rabbit HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; <a class=

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, IHC

50 Publications
ERK2 Antibody [Unconjugated]
AF1230
Western blot shows lysates of HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line, MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cell line, PC-12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line, and NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 0.1 µg/mL of Rabbit Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat ERK2 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1230) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class= ERK2 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human breast using Rabbit Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat ERK2 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1230) at 3 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Rabbit IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (Catalog # <a class=

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, IHC, KO

3 Publications
JNK1 Antibody (228601) [Unconjugated]
MAB17761
Western blot shows recombinant human JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 (1 ng/lane). PVDF membrane was probed with 1 µg/mL Mouse Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat JNK1 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB17761) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=Western blot shows lysates of CHP-100 human neuroblastoma cell line, C6 rat glioma cell line, and C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 1 µg/mL Mouse Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat JNK1 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB17761) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ICC

     1 Review

3 Publications
ATG7 Antibody (683906) [Unconjugated]
MAB6608
Western blot shows lysates of HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 2 µg/mL of Mouse Anti-Human ATG7 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB6608) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=ATG7 was detected in immersion fixed RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line using Mouse Anti-Human ATG7 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB6608) at 25 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the Northern-Lights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # <a class=

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, Simple Western, IHC

     1 Review

15 Publications
Caspase-3 Antibody [Unconjugated] - Active
AF835
Caspase‑3 was detected in immersion fixed anti-FAS treated Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cell line using 0.3 µg/mL Human/Mouse Active Caspase‑3 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF835) for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained (red) and counterstained (green). View our protocol for <a class=Caspase-3 was detected in immersion fixed Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cell line stimulated with staurosporin using Human/Mouse Active Caspase-3 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF835) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody (yellow; Catalog # <a class=

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications IHC, ICC

     7 Reviews

389 Publications
Bcl-xL Antibody
NB100-56104
Western Blot: Bcl-xL Antibody [NB100-56104] - WB analysis of tissue lysates from breast surgical tumor tissue biopsies (Lanes 1-7). Bcl-XS is not detected and variable amounts of Bcl-XL (~30 kDa) is detected. Lane 8. Recombinant Bcl-XL (positive control).Western Blot: Bcl-xL Antibody [NB100-56104] - Analysis of Bcl-xL in Daoy whole cell lysate using anti-Bcl-xL antibody. Image from verified customer review.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-Fr

     1 Review

3 Publications
Bax Antibody (6A7)
NBP1-28566
Western Blot: Bax Antibody (6A7) [NBP1-28566] - rOPN administration elevated the expression of autophagy-related proteins while suppressing apoptosis in rat brain at 24 h after SAH. The effects of rOPN on expression levels of Bax, mean +/- SD is 1.006 +/- 0.321 in Sham group, 37.47 +/- 10.86 in SAH + Vehicle group, 23.83 +/- 8.143 in SAH + rOPN group, F = 33.13, in the left hemisphere of rat brain at 24 h after SAH. Sample size is 18, n = 6 per group. Data were presented as mean +/- SD. *P < .05, ***P < .001 vs Sham group; #P < .05, ##P < .01 vs SAH + Vehicle group Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cns.13199) licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunohistochemistry-Frozen: Bax Antibody (6A7) [NBP1-28566] - Mouse retina with no pretreatment. IHC-F image submitted by a verified customer review

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Func, IHC

     3 Reviews

21 Publications
LC3A Antibody - BSA Free
NB100-2331
Western Blot: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - High autophagosome concentration is consumed during early immortalized human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated under osteogenic conditions (see Materials and methods) and assayed for changes in LC3I and LC3II during a 72-hour window. Cells were differentiated under standard conditions (top) or with addition of 5 uM rapamycin (middle) or 5 nM bafilomycin (bottom) for the first 3 hours of differentiation to modulate autophagy. Immunoblots were performed for LC3 at the indicated time points to assess autophagosome degradation via relative changes in LC3II (lower band; 17 kDa). Studies were repeated three times with similar trends seen consistently. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://stemcellres.com/content/5/6/140), licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: LC3A Antibody - BSA Free [NB100-2331] - LC3A Antibody [NB100-2331] - Analysis in PFA fixed NIH/3T3 cells using anti-LC3A antibody. Image from verified customer review.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, ChIP

     22 Reviews

306 Publications
PCBD1 Antibody - BSA Free
NBP2-93878
Western Blot: PCBD1 Antibody [NBP2-93878] - Analysis of extracts of various cell lines, using PCBD1 at 1:1000 dilution.Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution.Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane.Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.Detection: ECL Basic Kit .Exposure time: 90s.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: PCBD1 Antibody [NBP2-93878] - Analysis of MCF7 cells using PCBD1 . Blue: DAPI for nuclear staining.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ICC/IF