| Reactivity | HuSpecies Glossary |
| Applications | Bioactivity |
| Format | Carrier-Free |
| Details of Functionality | Measured by its ability to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion by PMA-differentiated U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cells. 20 µg/mL of recombinant human TLR4/MD-2 will inhibit >60% of the TNF-alpha secretion induced by LPS. |
|||||||||
| Source | Mouse myeloma cell line, NS0-derived human TLR4/MD2 Complex protein
|
|||||||||
| Accession # | ||||||||||
| N-terminal Sequence | Glu24 (TLR4) and Glu17 (MD-2) |
|||||||||
| Protein/Peptide Type | Recombinant Proteins |
|||||||||
| Gene | TLR4 |
|||||||||
| Purity | >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain. |
|||||||||
| Endotoxin Note | <1.0 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method. |
| Dilutions |
|
|
| Theoretical MW | 70.6 kDa (TLR4), 19.2 kDa (MD-2). Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. |
|
| SDS-PAGE | 95 kDa and 34 kDa, reducing conditions |
|
| Publications |
|
| Storage | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
| Buffer | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Purity | >95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain. |
| Reconstitution Instructions | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS. |
TLR4 is a 100 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the mammalian Toll-Like Receptor family of pathogen pattern recognition molecules. MD‑2, also known as ESOP-1, is a 25 kDa secreted protein that is required for TLR4‑mediated responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 - 3). The human TLR4 cDNA encodes an 839 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 23 aa signal sequence, a 608 aa extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 187 aa cytoplasmic domain. TLR4 contains 21 leucine rich repeats in its ECD and one cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain (4). The ECD of human TLR4 shares approximately 25% aa sequence identity with other TLRs and 60% - 74% aa sequence identity with bovine, equine, feline, mouse, rat, and porcine TLR4. The human MD‑2 cDNA encodes a 160 aa precursor with an 18 aa signal sequence (5). Human MD‑2 shares 20% aa sequence identity with MD‑1 and 62% - 64% aa sequence identity with bovine, mouse, and rat MD‑2. MD‑2 associates with TLR4 on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells (5 - 7). MD2 expression is required for cell surface localization of TLR4 and for optimal LPS‑induced TLR4 signaling (7, 8). MD‑2 also forms soluble disulfide-linked homo-oligomers which can interact with TLR4 (6). Through a domain separate from its TLR4-binding domain, MD‑2 extracts LPS from circulating CD14‑LPS complexes and carries the LPS into a ternary complex with TLR4 (9 - 11). The interaction of MD‑2/LPS with TLR4 induces receptor oligomerization and the triggering of an inflammatory response (12). Increased levels of plasma MD‑2 in septic shock patients sensitizes MD‑2 non-expressing epithelial cells to LPS and promotes widespread tissue inflammation (13).
The concentration calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume, mass or concentration of your vial. Simply enter your mass, volume, or concentration values for your reagent and the calculator will determine the rest.
| Gene Symbol | TLR4 |
| Uniprot |
