The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate immunity and inflammatory cascades. The use of potent TLR ligands to activate TLR signaling cascades allows specific TLRs and their effect on immune activation to be studied.
A synthetic lipopeptide that mimics the acylated amino terminus of bacterial lipoproteins. It is recognized by a heterodimer which is formed between TLR1 and TLR2.
A synthetic lipopeptide that mimics the acylated amino terminus of bacterial lipoproteins. It is recognized by a heterodimer which is formed between TLR1 and TLR2.
A lipopeptide originally isolated from Mycoplasma fermentans. MALP-2 is recognized by a heterodimer formed between TLR2 and TLR6.
A cell wall preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is composed primarily of glucans, mannans, mannoproteins and chitin. It activates TLR2 in synergistic collaboration with Dectin-1, a C-type lectin that is expressed on monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells as a phagocytic receptor for glucan containing particles
A standard lipopolysaccharide preparation. LPS is a major component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Recognition of LPS requires TLR4 in addition to CD14, and is enhanced by MD-2, a secreted glycoprotein which forms a receptor complex with TLR4.
A key component of bacterial flagellae, which are appendages used primarily for locomotion. It is highly conserved amongst both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and is recognized by TLR5
