Human IL-1 beta/IL-1F2 DuoSet ELISA, 15 Plate

 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are structurally related polypeptides that show approximately 25% homology at the amino acid level. Both are synthesized as 31 kDa precursors that are subsequently cleaved into mature proteins of approximately 17.5 kDa. Cleavage of the IL-1 beta precursor by Caspase-1/ICE is a key step in the inflammatory response. Neither IL-1 alpha nor IL-1 beta contains a typical hydrophobic signal peptide, but evidence suggests that these factors can be secreted by non-classical pathways. A portion of unprocessed IL-1 alpha can be presented on the cell membrane and may retain biological activity. The precursor form of IL-1 beta , unlike the IL-1 alpha precursor, shows little or no biological activity in comparison to the processed form. Both unprocessed and mature forms of IL-1 beta are exported from the cell. 

 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta exert their effects through immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that additionally bind IL-1ra. The 80 kDa transmembrane type I receptor (IL-1 RI) is expressed on T cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, synovial lining cells, chondrocytes, and hepatocytes. The 68 kDa transmembrane type II receptor (IL-1 RII) is expressed on B cells, neutrophils, and bone marrow cells. The two IL-1 receptor types show approximately 28% homology in their extracellular domains but differ significantly in that the type II receptor has a cytoplasmic domain of only 29 amino acids (aa), whereas the type I receptor has a 213 aa cytoplasmic domain. IL-1 RII does not appear to signal in response to IL-1 and may function as a decoy receptor that attenuates IL-1 function. The IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1 RAcP) associates with IL-1 RI and is required for IL-1 RI signal transduction. IL-1ra is a secreted molecule that functions as a competitive inhibitor of IL-1. Soluble forms of both IL-1 RI and IL-1 RII have been detected in human plasma, synovial fluids, and the conditioned media of several human cell lines. In addition, IL-1 binding proteins that resemble soluble IL-1 RII are encoded by vaccinia and cowpox viruses.