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Intractable Epilepsy: Disease Bioinformatics

Epilepsy is defined as a diverse set of neurological disorders characterized by seizures. These seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Factors that may lead to epilepsy include, but are not limited to, brain trauma, gene mutations, strokes, brain cancer, and extensive drug and alcohol use. Seizures occur due to a large release of glutamate, which causes a spread of excitation throughout the brain, which propagates the electrical signal and can lead to neuronal death. Intractable epilepsy, otherwise known as refractory epilepsy, is related to tuberous sclerosis as well as generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures. The HSPBAP1 gene is associated with this disease. Intractable epilepsy is categorized by a difficulty controlling seizures, which can stem from seizures that are too strong to be controlled by medication, or by an intolerance of medication. About 50 million people have epilepsy, with 80% of that population located in developing countries. It is possible to control epilepsy with medicine, but many cases, especially cases of intractable epilepsy, may require surgery in order to relieve symptoms.

Top Research Reagents

We have 3459 products for the study of Intractable Epilepsy that can be applied to Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot from our catalog of antibodies and ELISA kits.

IL-6 [HRP]
D6050B
N/A IL-6 [HRP]N/A IL-6 [HRP]


Species Human

776 Publications
TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody
NB600-607
Western Blot: TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody [NB600-607] - Affinity Purified TOR/TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] antibody is shown to detect a 250 kDa band (indicated) corresponding to phosphorylated human TOR/mTOR present in a 293T whole cell lysates. Cells were serum-starved for 24 hours prior to harvest. ~20 ug of lysate was loaded per lane for SDS-PAGE. Untreated cells are shown in lane 1, whereas cells in lane 2 were treated with IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) for 20 min prior to harvest. Follow reaction of antibody with a 1:2000 dilution of HRP Goat-a-Rabbit IgG for visualization.Immunohistochemistry: TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] Antibody [NB600-607] - affinity purified TOR/TOR/mTOR [p Ser2448] antibody was used at 5 ug/ml to detect signal in a variety of tissues including multi-human, multi-brain and multi-cancer slides. This image shows moderate staining of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney (40X). Tissue was formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded. The image shows localization of the antibody as the precipitated red signal, with a hematoxylin purple nuclear counterstain.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Rat
Applications WB, ELISA, IHC

     2 Reviews

9 Publications
MAP2 Antibody
NB300-213
Mouse primary cultures stained with MAP2 antibody. ICC/IF image submitted by a verified customer review.Immunofluorescent analysis of cortical neuron-glial cell culture from E20 rat stained with chicken pAb to microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), NB300-213, dilution 1:10,000 in red, and mouse mAb to MAP-tau, NPB2-25162, dilution 1:2,000, in green. The blue is DAPI staining of nuclear DNA. NB300-213 antibody stains dendrites and perikarya of neurons, while NBP2-25162 antibody labels neuronal perikarya, dendrites and also axonal process. As a result perikarya and dendrites appears orange-yellow, since they contain both MAP2 and tau, while axons are green.

Chicken Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ICC/IF, IHC

     5 Reviews

115 Publications
SLC12A3 Antibody
NBP1-44270
Western Blot: SLC12A3 Antibody [NBP1-44270] - Western blot analysis of Rat tissue lysates showing detection of SLC12A3 protein using Rabbit Anti-SLC12A3 Polyclonal Antibody (NBP1-44270). Primary Antibody: Rabbit Anti-SLC12A3 Polyclonal Antibody (NBP1-44270) at 1:1000.Immunohistochemistry: SLC12A3 Antibody [NBP1-44270] - Immunohistochemistry analysis using Rabbit Anti-SLC12A3 Polyclonal Antibody (NBP1-44270). Tissue: kidney tissue. Species: Rat. Primary Antibody: Rabbit Anti-SLC12A3 Polyclonal Antibody (NBP1-44270) at 1:200. Secondary Antibody: FITC Goat Anti-Rabbit (green).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, EM, ICC/IF

1 Publication
Carbonic Anhydrase I/CA1 Antibody
NBP1-88191
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Carbonic Anhydrase I/CA1 Antibody [NBP1-88191] - Analysis in human rectum and pancreas tissues. Corresponding CA1 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Western Blot: Carbonic Anhydrase I/CA1 Antibody [NBP1-88191] - Comparative proteome analysis of 3xTg-AD and control samples at different stages of AD. Immunoblot analysis of most regulated hits. Soluble fractions of brain proteins were analyzed from four 2-month-old control and 3xTg-AD mice animals, respectively. Hebp1 and Glo1 levels were consistently elevated in the transgenic animals as compared to wild type controls. Ca1 levels were reduced in transgenic animals. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://elifesciences.org/articles/47498), licensed under a CC-BY license.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

3 Publications
TBC1D9 Antibody
NBP2-13415
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: TBC1D9 Antibody [NBP2-13415] - Staining of human cell line U-2 OS shows localization to nucleoplasm & cytosol.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: TBC1D9 Antibody [NBP2-13415] - Staining of human testis shows moderate cytoplasmic positivity in cells in seminiferous ducts.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-P

tescalcin Antibody
NBP2-13426
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: tescalcin Antibody [NBP2-13426] - Staining in human salivary gland and colon tissues using anti-TESC antibody. Corresponding TESC RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: tescalcin Antibody [NBP2-13426] - Staining of human cell line A549 shows localization to nucleoplasm & cytosol. Antibody staining is shown in green.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-P

ABAT Antibody
NBP2-21598
Western Blot: ABAT Antibody [NBP2-21598] - Various tissue extracts (50 ug) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, and the membrane was blotted with ABAT antibody diluted at 1:10000. The HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (NBP2-19301 was used to detect the primary antibody.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: ABAT Antibody [NBP2-21598] - HepG2 cells were fixed in ice-cold MeOH for 5 min. Green: ABAT protein stained by ABAT antibody diluted at 1:500. Blue: Hoechst 33342 staining.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ICC/IF, IHC

1 Publication
POMC Antibody
NB100-1533
Immunohistochemistry: POMC Antibody [NB100-1533] - Representative confocal images of POMC in POMC-transfected WT and Sel1L-/- N2a cells. White arrows point to POMC-containing secretory granules, while yellow arrows point to perinuclear POMC. KDEL marks the ER. Representative data from at least 2 independent experiments are shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (jci.org/articles/view/96420), licensed under a CC-BY license.Flow Cytometry: POMC Antibody [NB100-1533] - Flow cytometric analysis of paraformaldehyde fixed A431 cells (blue line), permeabilized with 0.5% Triton. Primary incubation 1hr (10 ug/mL) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (1 ug/mL). IgG control: Unimmunized goat IgG (black line) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody.

Goat Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Flow, ICC/IF

10 Publications
CDKL5 Antibody
NBP2-32157
Western Blot: CDKL5 Antibody [NBP2-32157] - Samples: Whole cell lysate (50 ug) from HeLa cells. Antibodies: Affinity purified rabbit anti-CDKL5 antibody NBP2-32157 used for WB at 0.4 ug/ml. Detection: Chemiluminescence with an exposure time of 3 minutes.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CDKL5 Antibody [NBP2-32157] - Sample: FFPE section of human breast carcinoma. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti- CDKL5 used at a dilution of 1:5,000 (0.2ug/ml). Detection: DAB. Counterstain: IHC Hematoxylin (blue).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

GM-CSF [Unconjugated]
7954-GM/CF
Measured in a cell proliferation assay using TF-1 human erythroleukemic cells. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 6-30 pg/mL.


Species Human
Applications BA

3 Publications
LAMC2 Antibody (CL2980)
NBP2-42388
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: LAMC2 Antibody (CL2980) [NBP2-42388] - Staining in human fallopian tube and liver tissues. Corresponding LAMC2 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Western Blot: LAMC2 Antibody (CL2980) [NBP2-42388] - Analysis in A-431 cells transfected with control siRNA, target specific siRNA probe #1 and #2, using Anti-LAMC2 antibody. Remaining relative intensity is presented. Loading control: Anti-GAPDH.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, ICC/IF, IHC

4 Publications
TSC1 Antibody (OTI3A2)
NBP2-46234
Immunohistochemistry: TSC1 Antibody (3A2) [NBP2-46234] - Analysis of Adenocarcinoma of Human colon tissue. (Heat-induced epitope retrieval by 10mM citric buffer, pH6.0, 120C for 3min)Immunohistochemistry: TSC1 Antibody (3A2) [NBP2-46234] - Analysis of Carcinoma of Human prostate tissue. (Heat-induced epitope retrieval by 10mM citric buffer, pH6.0, 120C for 3min)

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

GFAP Antibody
NB300-141
Immunohistochemistry: GFAP Antibody [NB300-141] - Analysis of a rat cerebellum section stained with rabbit polyclonal antibody to GFAP, NB300-141, dilution 1:5000 in green and mouse monoclonal antibody to MeCP2, dilution 1:500, in red. The blue is DAPI staining of nuclear DNA. Following transcardial perfusion of rat with 4% paraformaldehyde, brain was post fixed for 1 hour, cut to 45 uM, and free-floating sections were stained with above antibodies. The GFAP antibody stains the network of astrocytic cells and the processes of Bergmann glia in the molecular layer. The MeCP2 antibody specifically labels nuclei of certain neurons.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: GFAP Antibody [NB300-141] - Rat neurons stained with Neurofilament Heavy antibody NB300-217 (red) and GFAP antibody NB300-141 (green).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, ICC/IF

     12 Reviews

108 Publications
TSC2 Antibody (SC05-59)
NBP2-67552
Western Blot: TSC2 Antibody (SC05-59) [NBP2-67552] - Western blot analysis of TSC2 on MCF-7 cell lysates. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (1/500) was used in 5% BSA at room temperature for 2 hours. Goat Anti-RabImmunohistochemistry-Paraffin: TSC2 Antibody (SC05-59) [NBP2-67552] - Analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse placenta tissue using anti-Tuberin antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.

Rabbit Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Flow, IHC

MDR1/ABCB1 Antibody (SN06-42)
NBP2-67667
Western Blot: MDR1/ABCB1 Antibody (SN06-42) [NBP2-67667] - Analysis of P Glycoprotein on mouse heart tissue lysates. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (1/500) was used in 5% BSA at room temperature for 2 hours. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody at 1:200,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: MDR1/ABCB1 Antibody (SN06-42) [NBP2-67667] - Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse brain tissue using anti-MDR1/ABCB1 antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0-8.4) for 20 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.

Rabbit Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ICC/IF, IHC

     1 Review

3 Publications
LRP2 Antibody (CD7D5) - Azide and BSA Free
NB110-96417
Immunohistochemistry: LRP2 Antibody (CD7D5) [NB110-96417] - Representative immunofluorescence stainings of control (Tead4m-z+) and Tead4 maternal/zygotic mutant (Tead4m-z-) embryos for Krt8 and Krt18 (16 cell stage embryos) and Lrp2 and Dab2 (32 to 64 cell stage embryos; Lrp2 and Dab2 were not detected in earlier stage embryos). n indicates total number of embryos analyzed. Scale bar: 25 um. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (elifesciences.org/articles/22906), licensed under a CC-BY license.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: LRP2 Antibody (CD7D5) [NB110-96417] - Staining (paraffin-embedded tissue-sections fixed in formalin) of Megalin in the brush border of the proximal tubule.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications ICC/IF, IHC, IHC-Fr

     1 Review

20 Publications
MCF2L Antibody (1D11)
H00023263-M01
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: MCF2L Antibody (1D11) [H00023263-M01] - Analysis of monoclonal antibody to MCF2L on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tonsil. Antibody concentration 1 ug/ml.Sandwich ELISA: MCF2L Antibody (1D11) [H00023263-M01] - Detection limit for recombinant GST tagged MCF2L is approximately 0.03ng/ml as a capture antibody.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, ELISA, IHC

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 Antibody - Azide and BSA Free
NBP2-92630
Western Blot: Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 Antibody [NBP2-92630] - Analysis of extracts of various cell lines, using Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 at 1:1000 dilution. Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution. Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane. Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST. Detection: ECL Basic Kit . Exposure time: 60s.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 Antibody [NBP2-92630] - Analysis of HeLa cells using Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2 . Blue: DAPI for nuclear staining.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, ELISA, ICC/IF

MRP1 Antibody (IU2H10) - BSA Free
NB400-156
Dual RNAscope ISH-IHC: MRP1 Antibody (IU2H10) [NB400-156] - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of human testis were probed for MRP1 mRNA (ACD RNAScope Probe, catalog # 435591; Fast Red chromogen, ACD catalog # 322360). Adjacent tissue section was processed for immunohistochemistry using mouse monoclonal (Novus Biologicals catalog # NB400-156) at 7ug/mL with overnight incubation at 4 degrees Celsius followed by incubation with anti-mouse IgG VisUCyte HRP Polymer Antibody (Catalog # VC001) and DAB chromogen (yellow-brown). Tissue was counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to Leydig cells and seminiferous tubule cells.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: MRP1 Antibody (IU2H10) [NB400-156] - The MRP-1 antibody was tested in HeLa cells at a 1:50 dilution against Dylight 488 (Green). Alpha tubulin and nuclei were counterstained against Dylight 550 (Red) and DAPI (Blue), respectively.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, ELISA

17 Publications